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World WAR I
7th Grade
A. FRANZ FERDINAND
 World War I, known at the time as the Great War, began in
1914 following the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
 The war had many causes, including tension following the
outcome of the Franco-Prussian War and the increasing
 1) nationalism,
 2)imperialism, and
 3)militarism in the years before the war.
Causes of the First World
War
 Franco-Prussian War
 Beginning in July 1870, France and
Germany engaged in a nine month
conflict known as the Franco-Prussian
War.
 German states finished their push for
unification, which helped Germany to
emerge victorious from the conflict.
 As part of the victory, Germany
acquired the region of Alsace-Lorraine
on the border of France and Germany
and imposed a harsh settlement on
France.

This settlement was a source of
continuous tension between France
and Germany in the late 1800s and
early 1900s.
Militarism
 Militarism is a political belief that a
country should maintain a strong
military for national interests.
 In the years before World War I, many
countries in Europe embraced this policy.
 As a result, there was a significant
increase in military spending because of
the desire to expand empires or protect
overseas colonies.
Imperialism
 Another source of tension between European
countries was imperialism.
 An increased desire for
 international power,
 natural resources, and
 friendly markets led to greater rivalries among
European nations.
 Germany, Russia, France, and Great Britain
were nations that attempted to consolidate
power by gaining the largest empire.
Nationalism
 The feelings of intense patriotism, known as nationalism,
also impacted Europe in the pre-war years.
 The idea of nationalism was especially popular in the
Balkans, which was surrounded by three large but declining
empires:
 Russia,
 the Ottoman Empire,
 the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Nationalism
continued…(S)

The Balkan League was established as a way to advance the
independence movements of Bulgaria, Montenegro, and
Serbia.
 After winning their independence from the Ottoman Empire,
Serbians and others supported the creation of a new country
for the South Slavs in the region.
 Other nations, such as Great Britain, France, and Germany
tried to preserve a balance of power, ensuring that tensions in
the Balkans continued.
 Leading to the assertion that the Balkans was the "powder keg of
Europe.”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd2ch4XV84s (:50)
Alliances
 A complicated alliance system was in place in the years before
World War I.
 In the late 1800s, the Triple Alliance united Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy.
 Reacting with fear to the growth of Germany's power and
influence through the Triple Alliance, France and Russia
formed their own alliance.
 They were later joined by Great Britain, and the alliance
between these three nations was known as the Triple Entente.
Alliances…
 The countries of both the Triple Alliance and the Triple
Entente agreed to the mutual defense of all the member
nations.
 They agreed that an act of war against one nation would
be considered an act of war against the whole alliance.
 Though the system was meant to deter aggression, it
actually resulted in bringing more countries into the war
once the hostilities began.
Assassination of Franz
Ferdinand
 In 1914, a Serbian militant group called the Black Hand
conspired to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, the archduke of
Austria-Hungary, when he visited Sarajevo.
 Sarajevo was the capital of the province of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, which was controlled by Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
 Black Hand members were extreme nationalists who believed
that all areas with a significant Slavic population, including
Bosnia and Herzegovina, should be united as Yugoslavia.
Assassination of Franz
Ferdinand
 Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed on June 28,
1914. The assassination of the archduke led Austria to
declare war on Serbia and is believed by historians to be
the event that triggered the outbreak of World War I.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgPYgXnu-Aw
Outbreak of War…
 After the assassination of the archduke, the first declaration
of war was made by Austria-Hungary on Serbia, an ally of
Russia, on July 28, 1914.
 This declaration was quickly followed by Russian threats
against Austria-Hungary and the subsequent German
declaration of war against Russia and France.
Outbreak continued….
 Once the fighting in World War I began,
 the Allied Powers, centered on the pre-war Triple Entente,
 included Great Britain, Serbia, France, and the Russian Empire.
 Other nations that joined the Allied Powers included Belgium, Italy,
Japan, Greece, Romania, Portugal, and the United States.
 On the opposite side of the conflict were the Central Powers,
based on the Triple Alliance.
 The Central Powers included Austria-Hungary, Germany, the
Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
WHERE IS THE US….
 The United States attempted to avoid
participation in World War I for as long as
possible.
 Public opinion slowly turned against
Germany and its allies, however, resulting
in the U.S. declaration of war on April 6,
1917.
Isolationism and the US...

In line with their usual policy of isolationism, the United States
declared neutrality immediately following the outbreak of war in
Europe.
 Isolationism refers to a foreign policy that is both militarily noninterventionist and economically protectionist.
 The United States attempted to follow a policy of isolationism
throughout a greater part of its history, especially when dealing with
European wars.
 This policy was difficult to maintain during World War I, however,
because of the close relationship between the United States and Great
Britain and also because of the growing anti-German sentiments of
people in the U.S. throughout the war.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y59wErqg4Xg (42 sec. Start)
Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
 In February of 1915,
Germany announced that it
would be pursuing a policy of
unrestricted submarine
warfare in retaliation to the
blockade of Germany by the
British Royal Navy.
 The Germans announced
that they would attack any
ship found within the war
zone.
Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare (ATTACK)S
 On May 7, a German U-boat attacked the British
passenger ship Lusitania.
 Over 1,000 civilians were killed, including over 100
Americans. Outrage swept through the United States, and
Germany temporarily agreed not to attack any more
passenger ships.
Stalemate
 On January 31, 1917, following years of stalemate
where neither the Allied nor the Central Powers were
winning, Germany decided it would again resume
utilizing unrestricted submarine warfare in an attempt to
destroy the British Navy.
 This action shocked the world and resulted in a U.S.
threat against Germany, moving the United States closer
to war.
Zimmermann Note
 The final straw for the U.S. came in February of 1917.
 British intelligence intercepted a telegram from German
diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to officials in Mexico
proposing a Mexican attack on the United States.
 The telegram was sent to President Woodrow Wilson
and published throughout the U.S. on March 1, 1917.
Declaration of War

Due to the events above, public opinion slowly turned
against Germany. On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson
called a special session of Congress in order to ask for a
declaration of war against Germany.
 During his speech, Wilson called the war made by
Germany a "war against mankind," referencing
particularly the use of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Declaration of War
continue…
 The United States declared war on April 6, 1917.
American involvement broke the stalemate that had
marked the early years of the war.
 Following 1917, the tides turned in favor of the Allies,
and they were ultimately victorious.
Treaty and the League…
 The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919,
officially ended World War I.
 The treaty set up the international association of
countries known as the League of Nations.
 The League was ineffective in dealing with the problems
of post-war Europe and was replaced by the United
Nations following World War II.
 The lesson below discusses the Treaty of Versailles and
the League of Nations in more detail.
The Treaty of Versailles
 The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I and was based on
the principles set forth in Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.
 The treaty included many territorial clauses, and areas that were
formerly considered part of large empires were given the chance
to form their own sovereign states, an idea known as national
self-determination.
 Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and
Turkey were all created following the war.
 Because of this, large empires such as the German Empire, AustroHungarian Empire, and Ottoman Empire ceased to exist.
Treaty of Versailles
continue….
 The treaty also placed the responsibility for World War I
entirely on Germany and included the following "war
guilt" clauses:
 Germany was required to pay reparations of upwards of
$11 billion to the Allied countries.
 The Rhineland, or the area on either side of the Rhine
River in western Germany, would be a demilitarized
zone.
TREATY OF V.
continue…
 The German military was to be stripped to no more than 100,000
troops, and conscription was abolished.
 Germany was prohibited from manufacturing items such as tanks,
submarines, and military aircraft.
 The idea behind the above clauses was the prevention of another
world conflict. Though other countries in Europe also agreed to
disarm, the restrictions concerning Germany were the harshest.
 The British blockade of Germany was an important part of the
German military defeat but became a tactic used by the Allies to
pressure Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
 The blockade continued even after the signing of the armistice and
eventually resulted in the deaths of 750,000 German civilians,
mostly due to starvation.
LEAGUE OF
NATIONS…
 The League of Nations was an association of world
nations set up according to the Fourteen Points and the
Treaty of Versailles.
 The organization's main purpose was to encourage
international cooperation and in order to maintain
world peace.
LEAGUE of
Nations…(S2)
 The League of Nation did not have any real power,
particularly because it lacked its own armed forces.
 Instead, it relied on forces from the world powers to enforce its
sanctions.
 The League also did not represent all the nations in the world.
Germany, for example, was excluded from joining the League.
 The League also suffered because of the absence of the United
States.
 Though President Wilson's original aim was to support such an
association, members of the U.S. Congress such as Senator
Henry Cabot Lodge opposed American ratification of the
Treaty of Versailles, as well as American entry into the League.
LEAGUE….(S)
 The United States ultimately rejected the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles and refused to participate in the
League of Nations.
 This is because many Americans believed the treaty and
the League would interfere with American interests
and would eventually pull the U.S. into yet another
foreign war.
 For this reason, the inter-war period was marked by a
return to the policy of isolationism for the United States.
The mandate System…
 In 1919, the League set up a mandate system to manage
former territories of the German and Ottoman Empires.
 Most of these territories were located in the Middle East
and included Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq.
COMING TOWARDS THE
END….
 Though the United States was prosperous during the 1920s,
many other countries in the world were suffering.
 World War I had ended in 1919, and many countries in Europe
found themselves with huge war debts.
 This caused a strain, and many countries suffered economic
collapse.
 These countries developed many ways of dealing with economic
problems. Mainly, people believed that a strong government
would be able to help the economy.
Fascism
 Fascism is a political philosophy that gives total
power to a dictator, and often, individual
freedoms are denied.
 Fascist governments usually have a strong
military and try to inspire extreme nationalism
(loyalty to a nation) in their people.
 Fascism was popular in the 1920s and 1930s in
places like Germany and Italy.
 Italy's fascist government was formed under
Benito Mussolini, who is often called the father
of fascism.
Rise of Fascists…
 Historians believe the rise of fascist governments was
caused by the economic issues following World War I as
well as the fear of the spread of communism.
 Fears about communism grew as a result of the Russian
Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union
following World War I.
 People believed the fascists could provide a strong
government that would protect against the spread of
communism.
Germany's Inter-War
Years(S)
 During the 1920s, Germany suffered from many economic
problems.
 The National Socialist German Workers' Party, also known as the
Nazi Party, drew supporters during this time period.
 The leader of the Nazi Party was Adolf Hitler.
 Many German citizens came to believe the Nazis would help the
country by fixing the economic issues.
 This is because Hitler promised to give people jobs. By the early
1930s, millions of Germans were unemployed.
 After Hitler came to power, he was successful in getting many
people jobs. He began large construction projects of things like
roads and bridges.
Racist Policies

Nazi Germany started a series of racist policies that took
rights away from certain citizens.
 Hitler believed that the Jewish people of the world were an
inferior race and should be destroyed.
 The hatred of Jewish people is known as anti-semitism.
Hitler's racism and the policies of the Nazi party led to the
murder of approximately six million Jews as well as millions
of other minorities. This event is known as the Holocaust.
Japan's Inter-War Years
 Unlike Germany and Italy, Japan did not become a fascist
dictatorship in the 20th century.
 They instead remained a monarchy that was headed by the
emperor.
 Growing nationalism resulted in an increase in emperor
worship and in feelings of anger over Japan's treatment
following the end of World War I.
 Many people in Japan felt the country had not benefited much
from winning World War I. They began to look to more
extreme ways to fix the country's problems.
Japan's Inter-War Years
 With the start of the Great
Depression of the 1930s, the military
gained more influence over the
Japanese government.
 Many people started to believe that
territorial expansion could help the
suffering economy.
 For this reason, Japan began invading
areas of China in the early 1930s.
Start of WW2
 World War II was fought from 1939 until 1945 in Europe and the
Pacific Ocean.
 It began in 1939 when German troops invaded Poland. Germany
wanted to control more territory in order to become more powerful.
 The main countries in the war were Germany, Italy, and Japan, who
made up the Axis Powers.
 On the other side, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the
Soviet Union, made up the Allied Powers.
 Important events during World War II include D-Day, VE Day, VJ
Day, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, and the dropping of the
atomic bombs over Japan
Second Sino-Japanese
War
 Japan invaded China in the mid-1930s and began what is
known as the Second Sino-Japanese War.
 This made the United States angry with Japan even before
the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
 Japanese aggression in China is an example of imperialism
because they wanted to be more powerful by trying to control
another country.
The Holocaust
 Beginning in the 1930s, Adolf Hitler and the
Nazis tried to get rid of all the Jewish people in
Europe.
 Hitler was an anti-Semite, which meant that he
had an extreme hatred of Jewish people. Hitler
forced Jews to live in concentration camps.
 At these camps, many people were worked to
death, died of disease, or were killed by the
Nazis.
 Over 6 million Jews died as a result of the
actions of Hitler and the Nazis. This event is
known as the Holocaust.
Invasion of Poland
 World War II began on September 1, 1939, with the German
invasion of Poland. Germany's leader, Adolf Hitler, wanted
his country to control land and be more powerful.
 Hitler's invasion of Poland and other European countries is
another example of imperialism.
 Imperialism is the desire to make a country more powerful by
controlling other countries.
Pearl Harbor
 In 1940, Japan entered World War II
on the side of Nazi Germany.
 On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked
the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii.
 The Japanese had hoped to destroy the
U.S. Navy with the attack, but failed to
do so.
 The next day, December 8, 1941, the
U.S. entered into World War II by
declaring war on Japan.
The Battle of Stalingrad
 The Battle of Stalingrad was an
important event during World
War II for a number of reasons.
 The battle between the Soviet
Union and Germany lasted 7
months, and was a major turning
point in the Eastern European
part of the war.
 After the battle, Germany was
weaker and allowed the Allies to
invade Western Europe.
D-Day
 D-Day is the name given to June
6, 1944.
 The Allies landed on the beaches
in Normandy, France, marking
the beginning of Operation
Overlord.
 Operation Overlord was the plan
to fight German forces in
Europe, starting in France.
The Battle of Iwo Jima
 The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought from
February to March of 1945 on the Japanese
island of Iwo Jima.
 Some of the worst fighting of the war
happened during this battle.
 Over 20,000 American soldiers were killed or
injured.
 Almost all of the Japanese soldiers were
killed.
 The picture above shows American soldiers
raising a flag over the island during the battle.
VE Day
 Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, which
has become known as VE Day, or Victory in
Europe Day.
 The surrender occurred after several years of
defeats and the ultimate Allied invasion and
capture of the German capital city.
 As the war came to a close, the Allied leaders
decided to divide Germany into occupied
zones.
 They did so in the hope that Germany's ability
to start another world conflict would be
destroyed.
Bombing of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
 On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on
the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
 On August 9, the U.S. dropped another bomb on the city of
Nagasaki.
 President Harry S. Truman decided to use the bombs in order to
force Japan to surrender.
 An invasion of Japan was scheduled, but could be avoided if the
Japanese surrendered.
 Truman wanted Japan to surrender because an invasion would have
cost the lives of many American soldiers.
 The Japanese surrendered a few days after the bombs were dropped.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Pxk4zy_SQw
VJ Day
Japan surrendered on August
15, 1945, marking the end of
World War II.
This day is known as VJ Day,
or Victory in Japan Day.
Impact of WWII
World War II had a big impact on the
United States. Women went into the
workforce, the first African Americans
became pilots, and the United Nations
was created. These are just a few
examples of how the war influenced
the United States and the world.
Rationing
 When a good becomes scarce, a country will control how much
of the good each person can get.
 This idea is known as rationing and is necessary to make the
good last as long as possible.
 During a war, a country will ration items that are directly
needed to fight the war.
 For example, the United States rationed things like rubber and
gas in World War II because those things were needed by the
military.
Tuskegee Airmen
 The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of famous African
American pilots who flew many missions during World
War II.
 They were the first group of African Americans to ever
be pilots in the United States and earned much
recognition because of their skills.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sRJMLrhhsA
Rosie the Riveter
 The picture here is a famous image from World
War II called "Rosie the Riveter."
 The picture was meant to encourage women to
enter the workforce while men were fighting in
the war.
 It is also a symbol of the millions of women who
worked in heavy industry during this time.
 Women were needed in heavy industry because
production in factories needed to increase.
 The factories also had to change from production
of consumer goods to production of military
goods.
Internment of Japanese
Americans
 After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared that
Japan might launch another attack on the West Coast of the United States.
 People also questioned the loyalty of Japanese Americans to the United
States.
 As a result, the United States government placed many Japanese
Americans into camps until the war was over.
 The camps were called internment camps or "War Relocation Camps."
 Over 120,000 Japanese Americans were placed in the camps.
 The Supreme Court case Korematsu v. United States involved the
constitutionality of Japanese internment during World War II.
 The Court ruled that limiting the rights of a group of people can be legal in
certain situations, like during a war.
The United Nations
 The United Nations (UN) was formed in 1945 as a
response to World War II.
 The countries of the world believed that international
problems needed to be solved without going to war.
 The United States led the way in the creation of the UN,
and members committed themselves to settling problems
between countries in a peaceful way.
TECHNOLOGY WWII
Many new technologies were
invented or enhanced during World
War II. Some of this technology had
been around for a long time. Tanks,
new airplanes, radar, better ships, and
even new kinds of bombs were just a
few of the new inventions used during
the war.
Tanks
 First developed for use during World War I, a tank is a vehicle that
has thick armor and runs on tracks.
 This makes it able to handle rough terrain.
 By World War II, tanks had become a standard of the military for all
the countries fighting in the war.
 The Germans became well-known for their use of tanks. German
tanks were very mobile, and the Germans organized their tanks into
units that worked together quickly and efficiently.
 The use of tank units was one of the many reasons the Germans
were easily able to invade many countries during the early days of
World War II.
Submarines
 Submarines were first used
successfully for military purposes
during World War I.
 Though submarines had been around
for a long time, they played a bigger
role in both of the world wars than in
any other previous conflict.
 Submarines can be defined as a ship
that can operate under water,
sometimes for long periods of time.
 During both of the world wars,
submarines were used to attack enemy
ships and to cut off shipping routes.
New Ships
 Many different kinds of ships were used
during World War II.
 Some of them were developed especially
for this war. Certain battles could only be
fought because of these new ships.
 During the invasion of Normandy, for
example, new ships took soldiers right up
to the beaches. Called amphibious
vehicles, these ships had either wheels or
tracks like tanks and could drive up onto
enemy beaches.
Atomic Bombs
 The United States developed the
first atomic bomb in the 1940s.
 On August 6th and 9th, two atomic
bombs were dropped on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki.
 These two bombs were the only
atomic bombs that have ever been
used in warfare.
 Japan surrendered on August 15,
1945, marking the official end of
World War II.
Airplanes
 At the beginning of World War I,
airplanes were still a relatively new
invention.
 They were originally used to observe
enemy positions, but as the war
progressed, people began to imagine
expanded military uses.
 By attaching machine guns and
having pilots drop bombs, new tactics
emerged.
 By World War II, many different
types of airplanes had been invented.
 From fighters to bombers, each
country involved in World War II
used airplanes during the war.
Radar
 Radar stands for Radio Detection
and Ranging.
 It was first used by the military during
World War II.
 By using radar, people could be warned
of enemy airplane attacks even before
the planes were visible.
 Both the Allied Powers and the Axis
Powers began using radar for defense.