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Ecosystem and Ecology What are the parts of an ecosystem? Ecosystem: Community of all the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors that interact in a given area. Can be large or small Ecology: the study of the relationships and interactions of living things with one another and with their environment. Environment: All the biotic and abiotic factors with which an organism may interact with and affect its chance of survival. Parts of the ecosystem Abiotic are the nonliving factors in an organism’s environment temperature, amount of water, amount of oxygen, amount of light, soil composition. Biotic are the living factors in an organism’s environment amount of food, predators, parasites, competitors. Often change with the seasons Levels of organization in an ecosystem Community: All the populations of different species that live in a given area. Population: Organism: 1 individual Smallest level of organization in an ecosystem More than 1 organism in an ecosystem that are the same species. Highest level of organization in an ecosystem. What determines where a population can live in an ecosystem? Every population has a different place to live and a different role to play in an ecosystem. Habitat: the place in which an organism lives and obtains the resources it needs to survive. Food Water Shelter Space Niche: the role a population plays in its community. Includes: interactions with other populations Biotic and abiotic factors needed for survival Interactions among organisms in an ecosystem What are the three types of interactions among organisms in an ecosystem? What is competition? What is predation? What is symbiosis? competition predation symbiosis the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources. Can occur with: individuals or populations Type: direct (ex: fighting) or indirect contact Due to: limited resources in an area the interaction in which one organism hunts and kills another for food. the close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of them. 3 types 3 different types of symbiotic relationships Mutualism Positive for both organisms. Both benefit from the relationship Ex: cow and E. coli Commensalism Positive for 1 organism and has no effect (neutral) for the other organism. Ex: sucker fish on sharks Parasitism Positive for the parasite and negative for the host. Ex: Ticks and dogs Parasite: an organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits by taking nutrients at expense of host Host: an animal or plant that a parasite lives in or on Roles in the Food Web What is the role of a producer? are the first organisms on the energy pyramid (bottom of the web). make their own food through photosynthesis. Energy from the sun is converted into sugar for food. examples: What is the role of a consumer? What is the role of a decomposer? grass, seaweed, cacti eat producers or other consumers. 1st level consumers eat producers (herbivore) 2nd level consumers eat 1st level consumers. 3rd level consumers eat 2nd level consumers. break down waste material and dead remains of other organisms. example: bacteria, fungi, earthworms Who eats what? What is a herbivore? consumers that only eat producers. What is an omnivore? consumer that eats both producers and other consumers. What is a carnivore? consumer that eats only other consumers. 9 Consumers who eat other organisms What is a predator? What is a prey? an organism that kills for its food. an organism that is killed for food. 10 How does the energy flow through an ecosystem? When organisms eat one another in an ecosystem, the energy is transferred or “flows” to the new organism. The flow of energy can be represented by: • Energy Pyramids • Food chains • Food webs Energy Pyramids What is an energy pyramid? It shows the relationships in food chains or food webs. It illustrates the transfer of energy in an ecosystem. As you move Up the pyramid, about 10% of the energy available is transferred to the next level. How does the energy flow through an ecosystem? food chains show how each living thing gets food, and how nutrients and energy are passed from creature to creature. Food chains use arrows to show how energy flows Arrows point to the organism that is getting energy Food webs show feeding relationships Organisms in an ecosystem may eat more than one type of food. Food web - illustrates the feeding relationship between organisms. Made up of many food chains Arrows point to the organism that is getting energy Producers are the base to most food webs
