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Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • What causes some species to become rare or extinct? • How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species differ from that of common species? • What are mandates/legislation for endangered species conservation? Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • What is recovery planning & does it work? • What are conflicts & issues regarding T&E laws and management? • Who cares? Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What do the terms mean? • • • • Endangered Threatened Vulnerable Species of (special) concern – Rare? • FL – Federally listed – Threatened Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Factors leading to extinction or endangered status – Natural causes – Overexploitation* – Habitat destruction, alteration, & fragmentation (#1)* – Introduced species* – Chains of extinction* * The Evil Quartet Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Natural causes of extinction or endangerment Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Overexploitation (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Habitat (#1) – Loss, change, & fragmentation • Toxic substances • Artificial structures (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Introduced (exotic) species (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Chains of extinction Species #3 Species #1 Species #2 Species #4 Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • What makes a species prone to rarity or extinction? – Restricted geographic range – Narrow habitat tolerance & specialized adaptations – Small local population – High genetic vulnerability – Species of importance to humans – Low reproductive potential Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Restricted geographic range (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Narrow habitat tolerance & specialized adaptations – Range of tolerance & niche (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) – “Problem” behaviors Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Small local population – Large carnivores (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • High genetic vulnerability (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Species of importance to humans (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Low reproductive potential (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • What makes a species prone to rarity or extinction? – – – – – – Restricted geographic range Narrow habitat tolerance & specialized adaptations Small local population High genetic vulnerability Species of importance to humans Low reproductive potential Are all needed to go extinct or become endangered? Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Endangered Species Organizations & Legislation • State, federal, international, and private listings – Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission – Federal Register • Dept. of the Interior – U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (& National Marine Fisheries Service) – Red Data Books • International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) – World Conservation Union Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Endangered Species Legislation • Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 – Fish & wildlife and their habitat/ecosystems protected • Lists, regulations, & recovery plans – Research, land & water acquisition, and refuge system • 1964 Land & Water Conservation Fund Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Endangered Species Legislation • Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 – All vertebrates & some invertebrates – International – Import regulations – Led to Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES; not signed until 1973) • Appendix I • Appendix II • Appendix III Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Endangered Species Legislation • Endangered Species Act of 1973 – Plants • Only insect pests excluded – Separate populations & subspecies – Species that are similar in appearance • Amended – – – – – 1978: Federal agencies & “God Squad” 1982: Economics & experiments 1988: Monitoring & public involvement 1999: Safe Harbor Today? • Similar laws at state level Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Endangered Species Legislation • Listing & delisting – Secretary of Interior • Criteria – – – – – Habitat destruction Overexploitation Threatened eradication from disease or predation Inadequate regulations for protection Other factors affecting its continued existence • Review list every 5 years • Emergency powers • Candidate species – Category 1 – Category 2 – Category 3 Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Implications of the Endangered Species Act • Federal government – All federal agencies • States • Private Sector Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Recovery Planning • Recovery teams • Prepare recovery plans – Obtain all relevant information – Determine gaps in knowledge – Identify factors leading to decline – Set recovery goals (population size & distribution) • Delisting can occur when goals are reached Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Recovery Plans based on MVP’s & PVA’s • Red-cockaded woodpeckers – 500 breeding adults in at least 250 clans • Gray wolves – 100 wolves in WI & MI for 5 consecutive years • Whooping Crane – 1000 birds in the Wood Buffalo breeding population for at least 10 years – 2 additional self-sustaining populations of at least 25 breeding pairs Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Recovery Planning • With limited $, which species do we focus on and save? – U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service & NOAA • Who will benefit most? – “Warm & fuzzy” & most support – Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission – Triage Approach • Difficulty, benefits, & uniqueness Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Conflicts • Private landowners & businesses • National interests Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Incentives for non-federal landowners • Safe Harbor Policy Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Management • Proximate vs. ultimate factors – Protection of critical habitat – Improving reproduction & recruitment – Improving survival – Avoiding genetic problems Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Management • Different than non-endangered species? – More intense & artificial • Food, cover, water, & space • Species v. community management Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • Who cares?