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A New Nation
UNITED STATES
HISTORY
Mr. Durfee
George
Washington
Constitution signed
1787
Sent out for state
ratification and
approved by states
1791.
Elected President 1789
John Adams elected VP
Capital of U.S. in NYC
First President-First Cabinet
Alexander
Hamilton- Secretary
of Treasury
Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State
Henry KnoxSecretary of War
JUDICIARY
ACT OF 1789
Supreme Court
Established
13 lower Federal Court
districts
3 Circuit Courts
Supreme Court had final
say
John Jay 1st Chief Justice
A NEW CAPITAL
PLANNED
Congress would move to
Philadelphia from NYC while
new capital city was being
planned between Maryland and
Virginia in present-day
Washington, D.C.
Alexander Hamilton
compromised with Southern
legislators to pay off American
debts by agreeing to locate the
new American capital city in
the South
The next argument would be
whether or not the United
States would establish a
national bank favored by
Hamilton but strongly opposed
by Jefferson and Madison
Washington would agree with
Hamilton that even though
Constitution did not say the
U.S. could set up a national
bank it did not say it could not
do so (first example of implied
powers)
Hamilton’s Financial Plan to
Save America
Tariffs (taxes on imported goods) would be
charged to encourage Americans to buy
products made in America
Southern states not supportive as their
economy was based on farming and had
very little manufacturing interests.
Hamilton would win support in Congress for
lower tariffs to raise money rather than to
protect businesses providing the U.S. with
90% of their revenue by the 1790’s
The final portion of Hamilton’s master plan
was to establish a series of national taxes.
A tax would be approved on a variety of
items including whiskey which would not
sit well with many distillers and would lead
to riots.
WHISKEY REBELLION
Hamilton’s national tax programs would
lead to one of the nation’s first tests of the
ability of the government to control
uprisings in July of 1794
Whiskey distillers in Western Pennsylvania
near the town of present day Heidelberg,
PA attacked tax collector John Neville at
his home.
Hamilton urged President Washington to
send troops to squash the rebellion. After
negotiations proved futile, Washington
gave in to Hamilton’s plan.
Hamilton and Henry Lee led a force of
13,000 militia and put down the rebellion
in quick order with 3-4 rebels killed and 1
militia member killed. It proved that the
new nation could control uprisings in short
order. This made Jefferson nervous about
Hamilton.
STRUGGLE FOR THE WEST
Native Americans living between
Appalachian Mountains and
Mississippi River denied any
authority the United States had
over them
Britain and Spain more than
willing to prevent American
settlement of western lands
Washington made treaties with
Native Americans to prevent
troubles but settlers ignored
treaties and settled on Native
American land anyway.
Fighting would break out between
the two groups.
Battle for the Northwest
Washington sent an army under
General Arthur St. Clair to restore
order in Northwest Territory in
November of 1791
Chief Little Turtle of the Miami tribe
led 1000 Native Americans to
annihilate St. Claire’s forces near the
Wabash River in present day Fort
Recovery in western Ohio on the
Indiana border leaving only 48
unharmed to escape to tell of the
carnage. 623 American soldiers
were killed
Worst defeat of the U.S. Army ever
by Native Americans. Washington
would fire St. Clair and Congress
would open a full scale investigation
of the Executive branch.
This problem had to be dealt with
swiftly and quickly.
Conquering the West
Washington sent
Revolutionary War
General “Mad” Anthony
Wayne to challenge
Native American
Demands that Americans
leave all territory north
of the Ohio River.
In August 1794, Wayne
would crush Native
Americans at the Battle
of Fallen Timbers near
present day Toledo, Ohio
In the Treaty of
Greenville of 1795,
Native Americans would
agree to give up much of
the land in present day
Ohio.
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=VVhLoXCbr6A
Trouble with Europe
***French Revolution would begin in
1789, and would end with the
beheading king and queen of France
***Britain would go to war with
France in 1793. Americans in the
South would sympathize for the
French. Americans in the north would
trade with Britain
***Hamilton and Adams would side
with the British while Jefferson would
side with the French
***France tried to drag the U.S. into
their fight. Washington would issue
Proclamation of Neutrality April 22,
1793 forbidding Americans from
fighting for either side. French and
British ships banned from U.S. ports
***British ships would stop American
merchant ships and force American
crews into service in the British navy.
This was called impressment and it
angered Americans.
Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty
John Jay sent to England to negotiate a
settlement to prevent war with Britain
Britain agreed to :
1) Withdraw all troops from American soil
2) Pay damages for all American ships
seized
3) Allow some American ships to trade with
British colonies in Caribbean
4) Forgive all debts incurred prior to 1776
Narrowly approved by Senate as many
Americans were still outraged and
demanded retribution for the impressment
of Americans into the British Navy
Treaty with Spain made in 1795 referred to
as PINCKNEY’S TREATY for the diplomat
Thomas Pinckney who negotiated with
Spain.
1. Gave Americans free navigation of the
Mississippi River
2. Gave Americans Right to Trade in New
Orleans.
Treaties of 1794-1795
Treaty of London 1794
(Jay’s Treaty)
Treaty of San Lorenzo
(Pinckney’s Treaty)
Washington’s Farewell
Address 1796
-September 1796 Washington announced
he would not seek a third term and
would retire to Mount Vernon at the age
of 64
-Warned against political parties and
getting involved in problems of other
countries
-His parting words would influence
foreign policy for the next 100 years
when he said : “observe good faith and
justice toward all nations…Tis our policy
to steer clear of permanent alliances.”
-Our country would make every effort to
keep to ourselves.
Political Parties Are Born
• FEDERALISTS
led by Hamilton
• Democratic Republicans
led by Jefferson
Who believed what?
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Rule by the wealthy class
Rule by the people
Strong federal government
Strong state governments
Focus on manufacturing
Focus on farming
Loose interpretation of Constitution
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
British Alliance
French alliance
National Bank
State banks
Protective Tariffs
Free trade
ELECTION OF 1796
Candidates sought office as members
of a political party for the first time
Held caucuses (meetings) to chose
their candidate for each party
Federalists nominate John Adams for
President and Charles Pinckney for
Vice-President
Democratic Republicans put chose
Jefferson for President and Aaron
Burr for Vice-President
Adams Jefferson while once friends
became rivals and started
mudslinging
Adams won Presidency and Jefferson
won Vice-Presidency with second
highest electoral votes
The U.S. had a Federalist President
and Republican Vice-President
Presidency of John Adams
In an attempt to avoid war with France
Adams sent a diplomats to France
French agents sent by French Minister
Charles Talleyrand attempted to bribe
Americans for a loan .
Americans told the French they would get
“NOT A SIX PENCE!” . Adams referred to
the French agents as X, Y, and Z . This
would become known as the “XYZ
AFFAIR”
Adams told Congress to prepare for war
with France by increasing navy and
building warships.
After French warships attacked U.S. ships
a peace agreement was reached with
France in 1800.
Alien and Sedition
Acts
Allowed the President to imprison
aliens or those he considered
dangerous out of the country
Made it a crime to speak , write or
publish “false, scandalous or
malicious” criticisms of the
government. This was done to silence
anti-Federalist pro-Republican
opinions.
Threat of war with France made
Americans suspicious of aliens
(people living in the U.S. who were
not citizens)
VA and KY Resolutions of 1798 and
1799 ruled Alien and Sedition Acts
unconstitutional and suggested states
nullify them (overturn federal law) .
This proved the principle of state’s
rights because the ACTS contained
powers reserved for the states per the
10th Amendment