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Grass Like Plant Identification The taxonomy of monocots Basic Land Plant Introduction Hydrophytic macrophytes. Macro- means large and these are the typically, larger plants, that dominate the terrestrial landscape. To get water and nutrients to upright stems a vascular system transports water and sugars, etc up to growing shoots and down to roots. To become large and arborescent some plants produce secondary growth or wood in the form of concentric growth rings this allows for increased structural support. Herbaceous plants use another strategy that allows for upright growth without secondary growth. Three groups of plants have become upright, ferns, conifers and flowering plants. The sequence of evolution of plants follows from algae, ferns, conifers to flowering plants. The relative number of species in each of these great groups is as follows, from least number to greatest, conifers, ferns, algae and flowering plants. Thus with their successful speciation in a variety of habitats, the flowering plants tend to dominate the landscape including wetlands, especially the littoral zones of surface waters. MONOCOTS 24 families Pontederiaceae Amaryllidaceae Alismataceae Liliaceae Hydrocharitaceae Iridaceae Juncaginaceae Haemodoraceae Xyridaceae Smilaceae (vine) Commelinaceae Burmanniaceae Juncaceae Orchidaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae Musaceae (naturalized) Zingiberaceae (naturalized) Cannaceae Maranthaceae Aracaceae Araceae Flowering Plants are divided into two large groups Monocots leaves with parallel venation flowers in parts of threes there may be whorles of 3’s, e.g. petals, sepals, stamens and stigmas stems usually herbaceous, palms are the exception Dicots leaves with net venation flowers in parts of 4’s and 5’s stems may be herbaceous or woody, if woody they show annual growth rings Alismataceae - arrowhead and burhead family. Herbaceous, mostly aquatic, leaves spirally arranged from a basal rosette. Leaf blades variable, esp. between juvenile and adult, submerged and arboreal leaves. Juvenile leaves are straplike or tapelike, adult leaves with distinct petioles and expanded blades. Blades with distinct parallel veins. Often plants with a milky sap. Flowers with three conspicuous white petals. The flowers typically are either functionally female or male, plants are monoecious. Flowers imperfect or perfect, typically in whorls along the inflorescence, raceme. Echinodorus, Sagittaria are both OBL. Grass like species in the Alismataceae Sagittaria graminea Sagittaria isoetiformis Sagittaria kurziana The Potamogetonaceae, Cymodoceaceae and Najadaceae. These are aquatic plant families, they are typically found submerged. The presence of these plants is best used as a hydrologic indicator. Shows the approximate location of the seasonal high water elevation. Common genera for each: Potamogetonaceae generally freshwater, jointed stems with conspicuous nodes, alternate leaves with sheathing base. Leaves grasslike to floating and oval. Flowers in spikes. Potamogeton and Ruppia. Cymodoceaeceae marine aquatics with jointed rhizomes, alternate, grasslike leaves, sheathing and ligulate. Flowers very reduced for aquatic pollination. All tropical or subtropical, Halodule or manatee grass. Najadaceae freshwater herbs with leaves appearing opposite or whorled, linear, typically toothed, with a sheath. Flowers very reduced, axillary produced in a flask shaped structure. Najas, found in freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers. Cannaceae -CANNA FAMILY. Herbaceous perennials with spirally arranged leaves. Leaves broadly elliptic, pinnately veined, relatively large leaves. Prominent midrib and petiole. Ligule absent. The flowers are unusual, large and showy, “petals” are actually modified stamens or staminodia. One stigma, style is fused to floral tube which is petal-like. Fruit a warty capsule with large, dark brown/black, round seeds. Canna flaccida or INDIAN SHOT is found throughout wetlands in Florida. Other hybrid cannas occasionally escape into wetlands. Cannaceae -CANNA FAMILY Canna flaccida or INDIAN SHOT Araceae - herbaceous perennials, our species are terrestrial with simple to compound leaves, a sheathing base, large leaved species with pinnate or net venation. Many species have arrow-head shaped leaves. Just about all species have calcium oxalate crystals in the sap. It is the flower this is most distinctive, these have a spathe, with is a leafy, lance or spoon shaped bract that surrounds the spadix. The spadix is a narrow, cone-like structure with very reduced male and female flowers packed together. Orontium has only a yellow/white spadix without a spathe. The fruit is a fleshy berry, these are clusted on a stalk, fleshy and tend to be bright red. Orontium -GOLDEN CLUB Peltandra - ARUM Pistia - WATER LETTUCE Ariseama - JACK IN THE PULPIT Colocasia - ELEPHANT’S EAR Zingiberaceae - ginger family. Erect, perennial herbs with large fleshy leaves, arranged atlernately on an elongated stem, with basal sheaths. Flowers produced in leafy, spirally arranged cone like structure (Hedychium). Each flower is large with three, white, petal like staminodes. One structure houses the stamen, stigma and style. Very unusual and reduced flowers. Only one species is commonly naturalized in wetlands, primarily in north and central Florida. Hedychium coronarium or WHITE GINGER. This fragrant flowering species has large, arching stems, to 6 feet or more tall. Leaves are large and leathery. Rhizomes shout and often pinkish. Hedychium coronarium - WHITE FLOWER GINGER Zingiberaceae -GINGER FAMILY Typhaceae cattail family. Aquatic or marsh growing, erect herbs with long linear leaves, sheathed, whitish rhizomes, Sparganium has long, submerged or floating leaves and erect “adult” leaves. Sparganium is sometimes placed into its own family. Flowers in cigar shaped inflorescence or in a round, bur-like structure. Reduced, male and female flowers in separate clusters. Fruit a tufted achene (Typha) or drupes arranged in globose heads (Sparganium). All Typha or CATTAILS are OBL. Typhaceae-CATTAILS obligate wetland plants Sparganiaceae-BURR-REED FAMILY. Considered by most botanists to be closely related or in the same family as cattails. Herbaceous perennials from a rhizome. Leaves are 2 ranked, with parallel veins. Submerged plants with long, flaccid, grass like leaves. Plants in shallow, non-flowing water with erect leaves. Flowers in separate, round heads. The flowers are reduced, perianth consists of bristles or hairs. Fruit an achene. Sparganium americanum or BURR-REED. Sparganiaceae -BURR-REED FAMILY Sparganium -burweed Haemodoraceae -bloodroot family. Herbaceous perennials with iris-like foliage, red sap and roots. Flowers in compound cyme, our are densely hairy. Flowers bisexual, regular, perianth of one series, stamens three. One pistil becomes a capsule. Two common genera are found in Florida wetlands. Lachnanthes or REDROOT. With sword like foliage, equitant or iris like, rhizomes and roots bright reddish-orange. Persistent inflorescence is easily identified in winter. Lophiola or GOLDEN CREST. With sword like foliage. Looks much like redroot. Does not have bright red roots. Flowers are unusual resemble a tuft of golden hairs. Lachnanthes REDROOT -FAC Haemodoraceae -bloodroot family Juncaginaceae - ARROWGRASS FAMILY. Non descript herbaceous perennials. Look very much like Isoetaceae (quillworts) and grasses, leaves are round in cross section with an open sheath. Locally common but easily overlooked. Flowers of 2 series of whorls of 3, stamens 6, carpels 3-6. Fruit a follicle. Tend to be associated with coastal marshes. Flowers produced on a narrow spike, these are green, reduced. 6 tepals, 6 stamens, 3-6 carpels. In Florida we have one representative of this family, Triglochin. Which can be found in near coastal conditions. Juncaginaceae - ARROWGRASS FAMILY Triglochin -ARROWGRASS Xyridaceae - YELLOW EYED GRASS FAMILY. Iris like leaves are alternate, long, strap like and a cone like inflorescence. Flowers white or more commonly yellow with 3 equal spreading lobes. Flowers produced from the bracts of the cone like inflorescence. Fruit minute capsules. Seeds dustlike. Some species produce a mucilagenous glob at the base of the leaves. Some species have conspicuous black, brown or reddish stripes at the base of the leaves. One genus in Florida, Xyris. Typically found in marshes. Xyris spp. Xyridaceae - YELLOW EYED GRASS FAMILY Commelinaceae - SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Typical plants are perennials and weedy annuals with alternate, fleshy, leaves with closed sheaths; succulent stems (often mucilaginous). Stems generally with conspicuous nodes. The sepals are green, petals typically blue, white to pinkish and last but a single day. Commelina has a folded “boat like” sheath subtending the flowers. Tradescantia fluminensis, introduced weeds of wetlands and uplands, esp. disturbed areas. Looks like a green wandering jew with small white flowers. Murdannia is the more commonly encountered wetland plant. Very weedy often dominates disturbed wetlands and wet lawns. Commelinaceae - SPIDERWORTS Commelina spp. Comparison of GRASSES, SEDGES and RUSHES Family: Poaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Common name: GRASS SEDGE RUSH Stem: round triangular round Leaves: 2-ranked or distichous open sheath flw associated with 2 bracts, lemma & palea 3-ranked spiral closed sheath flw associated with one bract 2-ranked or distichous open sheath flw associated with 2 or more bracts grain achene seeds, dust like Floral characters: Fruit: bristles stigma stamens stigma “petals” anther spikelet lemma palea stigma filament “sepals” glume perigynium sac like structure that surrounds the ovary bract Carex spp. bracts Cyperaceae - SEDGE FAMILY. One of the more important wetland groups. Contains many wetland genera and species. Often dominate marshes. Grass-like, leaves in 3 ranks, leaves slightly folded with a thickened midrib and stems often triangular in cross section - thus “sedges have edges”, closed sheath. Typically from a scaly, creeping rhizome. Flowers are reduced, wind pollinated. Each is a spikelet produced on a branched paniculate, umbellate or spicate inflorescence. Fruit an achene often ornamented with a pointed apex or beak, surface often ridged, pitted, striated. Achenes are often distinctive to the species level. Most commonly confused with grasses. Important wetland genera include Rhynchospora, Carex, Cyperus, Cladium, Eleocharis, Scirpus, Scleria, Dichromena, Fimbrystylis, etc. Cyperaceae SEDGE FAMILY Carex species Cyperaceae SEDGE FAMILY Cyperus spp. Cyperaceae - SEDGE FAMILY Rhynchospora spp. Eleocharis spp. Fuirena spp. Cyperaceae SEDGE FAMILY Cyperaceae SEDGE FAMILY Scleria -NUTRUSH Cladium jamaicense Saw “grass” Scirpus americanus Scirpus cyperinus Dichromena latifolia Dichromena is sometimes placed in Rhynchospora Dulichium arundinaceum Juncaceae - RUSH FAMILY. Only one genus, Juncus, is important for identifying wetlands in Florida. Juncus have round stems, open sheaths, usually a solid pith in the stem. Leaves 3 ranked, flat or round, sometimes segmented. Flowers are greenish, with two whorls of threes -three sepals, three petals. Fruit is a capsule and the seeds are minute, dust like. Saltmarshes are dominated by Juncus roemarianus and Spartina alterniflora. Juncus spp. Juncaceae - RUSH FAMILY Poaceae - grass family. Leaves in 2 ranks and sheath is open. Leaves have a sheath and a blade. The sheath typically wraps around the stem or culm. The blade is the photosynthetic part of the leaf, it bends away from the stem and at the junction or bend there may be a ligule. The ligule may be an important taxonomic character when trying to identify grasses. In many grasses, the stems or culms are produced from a rhizome. Some grasses are herbaceous annuals or perennials and my be prostrate others are woody and upright and long lived (bamboos). Grass flowers are reduced and wind pollinated. The flower are produced in small spikes. Each spike consists of two bracts called the glumes. The spikelet may have additional bracts called the lemma and palea. The glumes and lemma may also have long structures called awns, these may extend beyond the remaining bracts. stigma anther spikelet lemma palea filament glume TYPICAL GRASS - FAMILY POACEAE spikelet Seedhead, inflorescence Leaf blade node Stem, culm internode ligule Sheath, open Section of leaf rhizome Poaceae-GRASSES Liliaceae-Lily Family. A very diverse group with many genera. Some are split into their own families. Most are herbaceous perennials from bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers. Leaves alternate, linear, simple, often grasslike, straplike. Flowers with 3 sepals, 3 petals produced on a raceme. Fruit typically a capsule. Genera that occur in wetlands in Florida include: Aletris -COLIC ROOT Tofieldia - FALSE ASPHODEL Crinum - STRAP LILY, SWAMP LILY Zigadenus- FLY POISON Pleea-RUSH-FEATHERLING Lilium-TRUE LILIES Melanthium -BUNCHFLOWERS Liliaceae-Lily Family Hypoxidaceae -YELLOW STARGRASS FAMILY. Small grass-like perennials, from corms. Leaves spirally arranged. Perfect flowers with 6 yellow tepals, 6 stamens, superior ovary. Fruit a capsule, seeds minute, dark brown/black. Hypoxis spp. - yellow star grass. Eriocaulaceae - pipewort family. Herbaceous perennials from a basal tuft of spirally arranged leaves. Leaves mostly linear, strap like or thin and grass like or moss like (Syngonanthes). Flowers in compressed head like aggregates on long stalks (hence the common name, “hat pins”). The flowers are small, reduced, numerous. Each flower is associated with a scalelike bract. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a small capsule, seeds minute, dust like. This family is a collection of general primarily of wetlands. Eriocaulon or HAT PINS. Syngonanthes or BANTAM BUTTONS. Lachnocaulon or BOG BUTTONS. It is not feasible for novices to distinguish between the species. Eriocaulaceae pipewort family Eriocaulon -HAT PINS. Syngonanthes -BANTAM BUTTONS Lachnocaulon -BOG BUTTONS Mayacaceae - bog moss family. One genus in our area. These are moss like plants of wetlands and surface waters. Foliage resembles that of a moss. Leaves filiform, densely packed, with 2 teeth at the apex and a single midvien, and spirally alternate. Flowers solitary, relatively large for the overall scale of this plant. Regular flowers with 3 rounded, showy petals, whitish to purplish-pink, 2 green sepals. Fruit a capsule. Sometimes found suspended in water column or growing upright along shores of freshwater ponds and lakes. Resembles a moss. Mayaca fluviatilis BOG MOSS. Mayacaceae - bog moss family Mayaca fluviatilis BOG MOSS Sphagnum moss resembles bog moss. Iridaceae- Iris Family. Herbaceous perennials with linear, alternate, sheathing, equitant, swordlike to grass like. From rhizomes, bulbs or corms. Ours from rhizomes. Flowers with 6 petal like structures. These are actually the stamens and styles. Three carpels are united. Fruit a capsule. Iris-iris, flag. Large showy flowers in spring and early summer, blue, purple to whitish. Sisyrinchium - blue eyed grass, blue to white (rarely yellow). Sisyrinchium Iris spp. Orchidaceae - ORCHID FAMILY. Herbaceous perennials from rhizomes, all Florida wetland species are typically terrestrial, many other species in Florida are epiphytes. Leaves straplike to grasslike. Flowers are zygomophic with unusual, specialized reproductive structures. Corolla in two whorls of 3’s. Sepals often showy and petal like. One petal modified into a lip. Pollen aggregated into a mass called a pollinia. This is sticky and adheres to pollinators. Fruit a capsule, seeds minute. This is the largest family of flowering plants, most of the species are Calopogon . found in the tropics. Wetland orchids in Florida include: Habenaria spp. . Platanthera spp. Listera spp. Spiranthes spp. Liparis elata. Pogonia ophioglossoides Cleistes divaricata Orchidaceae ORCHID FAMILY