Download Julius Caesar

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Why were troops more loyal to their generals
than to their government?
How did political events help weaken the
Roman Republic (158-159). List 3
What is a “Triumvirate” and what 3 people ruled
in the first triumvirate.
What social class supported Julius Caesar the
most?
Who assassinated Julius Caesar in the Ides of
March?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Volunteer soldiers were rewarded with money,
land, and/or loot.
Assassination of the Gracchi, political violence,
leaders buying loyalty of soldiers, and generals
using their power to control the senate, civil war,
rise of citizen armies.
Rule by 3 people. Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey,
Licinius Crassus.
The poor class.
Senators scared of his power: his friends Gaius
Cassius and Marcus Brutus.
1) Identify the political events in Rome during the
first century B.C. that helped weaken the Roman
Republic.
2) Explain how the reign of Julius Caesar served as a
transition between the Roman Republic and the
Roman Empire.
3) Describe the events and conditions that marked
the first two centuries of the Roman Empire.
Triumvirate
The Gracchi
Gaius Marius
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Julius Caesar
Gnaeus Pompey
Cleopatra
Augustus (Octavian)
Lepidus
2nd Triumvirate
5 Good Emperors
Licinius Crassus
Pax Romana
Juilio-Claudian Emperors
Marc Antony
Leader
How was power
gained?
Political
Changes/Achievements
Fate
*Not in book
Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchi
Gaius Marius
*
Lucius Cornelius
Sulla
*
Julius Caesar
Gnaeus Pompey
Licinius Crassus
Cleopatra
Marc Antony
Augustus
(Octavian)
*
Leader
How was power
gained?
Political
Changes/Achievements
Fate
Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchi
Elected Tribunes:
(T) 133 BC; (G) 123 & 122 BC
(T) Takes land from rich and give to the
poor. (G) Used taxes to buy food and sell it
to the poor at low price (welfare).
Assassinated
Gaius Marius
Elected to consul 107 BC
Rewarded soldiers w/ land, $, loot=Created
allegiance to generals
Exiled-Died of old
age.
Lucius Cornelius
Sulla
Elected consul in 88 BC.
Appointed dictator from 82-79
BC.
Takes command of army and marches it on
Rome=Starts civil war.
Retired-Died of
old age.
Julius Caesar
Formed triumvirate in 60 BC
w/ Pompey and Crassus.
Elected consul in 52 BC.
Conquers Gaul.
Marches army on Rome.
Allies Rome w/ Egypt.
Self-appointed dictator 44 BC.
Stabbed 23 times
by best friends
and senators.
Gnaeus Pompey
1st Triumvirate.
Elected consul in 52 BC.
Orders Caesar to give up his military
command.
Escapes to Egypt.
Beheaded by
Egyptians.
Licinius Crassus
1st triumvirate
Powerful general.
Caesar’s best ally.
Killed in battle
Cleopatra
Put on throne after Caesar kills
all heirs (Ptolemy family)
Allies Egypt w/ Rome by sleeping w/ Caesar.
Bares Caesar a son.
Hooks up w/ Marc Antony
Suicide
Marc Antony
Self=appointed 2nd triumvirate.
Drove Caesar’s conspirators out of Rome.
Defeated Brutus & Cassius.
Hooks up w/ Cleopatra (just like Caesar)
Splits Empire w/ Augustus.
East=Antony. West=Augustus
Suicide
Augustus (Octavian)
Caesar’s grandnephew.
2nd triumvirate.
Appointed consul in 27 BC.
Later named 1st Emperor of
Forced Lepidus to retire.
Defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra
Expanded Empire almost throughout all of
Europe.
Died of old age.
Tiberius Gracchus
*Elected tribune in 133 B.C.
*Suggested helping the
farmer-soldier by giving
land to the poor to farm.
The land would be taken
from the rich (Nobles).
*Senators are mad and
club him to death.
Gaius Gracchus
*Brother of Tiberius
*Elected tribune in 123 and
122 B.C.
*Used public funds (taxes) to
buy grain and then sell it to
the poor at a very low
price.
*Other tribune vetoes all of
Gaius’ laws. Gaius calls for
his dismissal.
*Instead, Gaius is
assassinated.
*Roman General elected to
be consul in 107 B.C.
*Credited with winning
“The Social War” vs.
Rome’s allies and
creating a unified Italy.
*Also was the first General
to reward his soldiers
with land, money, and
loot. Result=allegiance
to Generals instead of to
the government.
*Elected as a consul in 88
B.C.
*After his term, Sulla wants a
commission of a Roman
army to conquer Germany.
*Many in the Senate, led by
Marius, are afraid the Sulla
will abuse that power.
*Sulla takes command of an
army and marches it on
Rome. Wins!
*Dictator from 82-79 B.C.,
Enlarges Senate by 300 and
gives the Senate complete
control over the
government.
Julius Caesar: the
poor man’s choice.
*Nephew of Marius and
most popular Roman
General of the time.
*Merciful, fair, and
rewarded his soldiers
with many riches.
*Triumvirate formed in 60
B.C.
*Conquers Gaul (France)
from 59-49 B.C.
1)
2) Licinius Crassus:
*Another popular Roman
General.
*Supported Caesar in
becoming consul in 59
B.C.
*Will die in battle in 53
B.C.
3) GNAEUS POMPEY:
*Another popular Roman
General.
*Supported Caesar, with
Crassus, in becoming
consul in 59 B.C.
*Pompey is made sole consul
in 52 B.C. when Crassus
dies.
*Jealous and afraid of
Caesar’s power he orders
Caesar to return to Rome
from Gaul (Germany)
without his army.
*Caesar refuses to give up his military command (loss of
power if he did).
*Caesar instead marches his army onto Rome and forces
Pompey to flee. Takes over Rome. Leaves Marc
Antony in charge as the consul of Rome until Caesar
returns from chasing down Pompey.
*Caesar defeats Pompey and his loyal followers in
Greece. Pompey escapes to Egypt. The first
triumvirate is officially dissolved.
CLEOPATRA:
*Caesar marches to Egypt to
form an alliance. The
Egyptians had captured
Pompey and had him
beheaded.
*9 months after meeting
Cleopatra (30 years younger)
a son is born, Caesarian.
*Cleopatra is put on the throne
as the Queen of Egypt after
Caesar drowns all other heirs
(Ptolemy Family) to the
throne in the Nile River.
*Caesar returns to Rome in 46
B.C. and forces the Senate to
name him dictator for life!
MARCUS BRUTUS:
*Caesar increased the
number of Senators to
900 members, but
greatly reduced its
power.
*Many Senators including
Brutus and Cassius
feared Caesar’s power
and popularity and
conspired to have him
killed.
GAIUS CASSIUS:
*The Senate also wanted
their governing powers
restored. They knew
Caesar would not give
power back to the Senate
so…
*Caesar’s two best friends
and 58 other Senators
assassinated Caesar as he
sat in the Senate.
*Caesar was stabbed first in
the throat and then 22
more times before falling
dead.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Triumvirate
Seizure of sole power.
Weakened the Senate by removing powers.
Used army to enforce his personal will.
Expanded boundaries of the Republic (France and
Egypt).
78 B.C.: Caesar returns to Rome after Sulla’s death.
60 B.C.:
59 B.C.:
53 B.C.:
52 B.C.:
49 B.C.:
44 B.C.:
44 B.C.:
78 B.C.: Caesar return to Rome after Sulla’s death.
60 B.C.: First triumvirate
59 B.C.: Elected consul
53 B.C.: Crassus dies
52 B.C.: Pompey sole consul
49 B.C.: Marches on Rome and runs Pompey out
44 B.C.: Named dictator for life
44 B.C.: Assassinated-stabbed 23 times by
conspirators in the senate.
1) Identify the political events in Rome during the first
century B.C. that helped weaken the Roman Republic.
2) Explain how the reign of Julius Caesar served as a
transition between the Roman Republic and the
Roman Empire.
3) Describe the events and conditions that marked the
first two centuries of the Roman Empire.