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Adaptations 2 Fulfilling Basic Needs Chemical Protection Review • Resins – viscous protective secretion produced by many conifers that is insoluble in water and hardens when exposed to air • Tannins – a substance occurring in the bark or leaves of some species, functioning to protect against predators • Alkaloids – A nitrogen containing compound, frequently used as a defense by plants. Secondary products of plants • Most plants produce through their biochemistry a multitude of specialized compounds to carry out their basic functions of photosynthesis, respiration, as well as and the synthesis of various proteins and enzymes. • In addition to these essential compounds plants also produce many secondary products that they use for defence. Secondary Plant Products - Tannins • Bind with proteins • Inactivate proteins and cause cells to die • Enzyme inactivators – protect against insect feeding • Inhibit fungal and bacterial growth • Heartwood 5 to 10 X’s tannins than sapwood • Replaced by sugars in ripening fruit • Salivary proteins being bound together reduces lubricating action – Why unripe fruit tastes so bad to us Secondary Plant Products -Alkaloids • Bitter tasting • Some insects protect themselves by making sure that alkaloids are part of their regular diet • Club mosses, Many fungi, Amarylidaceae, Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae, Fabaceae, Papaveraceae, Rannuculaceae, Solanaceae families contain alkaloids • Used for many medicines (pain relievers, cardiac and respiratory stimulators, muscle relaxers, blood vessel constrictors, cures for malaria) • Addictions –Caffeine, tea, opium poppy, Nicotine tobacco • Poisons - Hemlock, Ricin (Castor bean) Poisonous Plant Chart (obviously copied from your book) Dieffenbachia leaves and stems contain special cells that contain needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate called raphides that if eaten penetrate the mouth and throat tissues and cause painfull swelling, make it difficult to breath and a loss of speech. Common name is “dumbcane” Terms • • • • • • • • • • Allelopathy Tendrils Twining Rhizomes Stolen Drip tips Epiphytes Succulents Saprophytes Parasites • • • • Tubers Corms Runners Mycorrhizae Home Garden vs. Real World • In our home gardens and landscapes we usually start by placing the best plant in the best place knowing its individual characteristics and needs for light, temp and soil type. • In the real world however there is a constant struggle to succeed without perfect secured conditions as at home, and plants use their specialized adaptations to try to overcome the challenges of less than perfect conditions Competition • Alleopathy – usually on low water regions where growth inhibiting chemicals are able to accumulate without being leached down by excessive rainfall • Growing to dominate the space because of size Sunlight • Reaching for light and competing with other plants provided some plants with attributes to overcome their quest for more light. Climbing Climbing - Tendrils Tendrils are either modified leaf parts or short stems derived from the growth of auxiliary buds Tendrils after finding a surface to climb on coil the tendril on itself to pull plant towards the structure Sweet pea – modified terminal leaflets Boston ivy Has unique “suction cup” like Adhesive discs at the ends of specialized branches allowing it to climb several stories tall English ivy has fibrous barnacle-like adventitious climbing roots to aid in climbing walls, fences and other plants Climbing with Twining Stems Twining is a plant motion function to enable plants to find support for climbing Spreading Stems • Stolons Above ground spreading stems • Rhizomes Below ground spreading stems St. Augustine grass Stolons Bermuda grass stolons Rhizomes Runners Strawberry Runner with the typical plant attached to the end of the runner. Runners are technically stolons but have the new developed bud or plant towards the end of the stem Spider plant with plant attached to the end of the runner Epiphytes Characteristic support roots of an orchid clinging to the bark of a tree. Roots absorb moisture from the atmosphere through a Spongy white material called velamen Staghorn Fern growing in a tree An epiphyte is a plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant (such as a tree) and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. Epiphytes differ from parasites in that epiphytes grow on other plants for physical support and do not necessarily negatively affect the host. Tillandsia cyanea Tillandsia often called “air plants” like other ephiphytes harmlessly rely on living on another plant for support. Tillandsia ionantha Spanish Moss Tillandsia usneoides growing on Southern oaks Spanish moss is neither Spanish nor a moss and relies on moisture and dust from the air for all of its nutrient and water needs. Although it can propagate itself from seeds it most often does so from small pieces of itself breaking off and reestablishing itself. Spanish moss flowers Spanish moss Tillandsia grown as an “outdoor curtain” Supportive Roots Joe Stead Buttress roots of the Moreton Bay Fig help support its massive crown Support Roots Support roots typically used in a shallow soil are seen in this Screw Pine Water Uptake Methods • Diversion of water to root zone – drip tips and waxy cuticles • Ephaphytes – tillandsias, Spanish moss, bromeliads, Orchids (velamen) • Caudiciform plants Water Storage – Leaf, Stem and Root • Succulents – Sedums, Echeverias, and Crassula • Opuntia (Cladodes) • Baobob ( can store up to 25,000 gallons of water in trunks) • Terminalia tomentosa Water Storage - Bromeliads Water is stored in this Bromeliads' cup shaped rosette Sedums Major genus within the succulent plants Green Roofs typically use and assortment of sedums to cover the surface of the roof. Their water capturing ability, thick spreading growth habits, along with water storage potential align perfectly with plants on a harsh rooftop environment. Green roofs deflect heat, reduce cooling costs, protect the roofing below and convert CO2 to O2 Opuntia The flat stems “Cladodes” of the Opuntia Genus store massive quantities of water to use during the dryer seasons. Opuntia Depressions within the cladodes showing room for expansion The classic bulbous Trunk of the Brachychiton rupestris allow for water storage during long hot dry periods Adansonia grandidieri – Baobob tree Caudiciform plants Cyphostemma juttae Fockea Edulis Calibanus hookeri Beaucarnea recurvata Beaucarnea recurvata (right) and Calebanis hookeri (bottom) both have a caudex used to store water for drier times of the year Cyphostemma juttae wild grape, tree grape, Namibian grape from South Africa this is a deciduous plant loosing its Succulent eaves during the hotter Summer months “Jabba the Hut” at Pitzer College in Claremont, CA Underground Food and Water Storage • • • • Tubers - root and stem tubers Bulbs Corms Rhizomes Tubers Dahlia Root tubers (above) Iris Rhizomes (top right) and Sweet potato Root tubers are packed with starches for food for the next season’s plant when it begins to grow Bulbs Bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases that function as food storage organs during dormancy Corms corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground Plant shoot that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat The Corm Uses specialized roots to pull itself down into the soil Saprophytes and Parasites • Saprophytes (feeding off of dead material) – fungi, bacteria, (decomposition) most living in the soil • Parasites – Dodder, Mistletoe, Witch weed, Broomrape feeding of the tissues of live plants Decomposers Parasites Mistletoe - These plants attach to and penetrate the branches of a tree or shrub by a structure called the haustorium, through which they absorb water and nutrients from the host plant. Mistletoe living on/in and slowly killing an oak tree Dodder Although dodder is capable of limited photosynthesis, it obtains nearly all of its energy from the host plant. A dodder seedling can survive several days without a host, but if it doesn’t come into contact with one within 5 to 10 days, the seedling will die. Dodder stems that have attached to a host plant have been known to survive for several days after being detached from the host plant. Dodder, Cuscuta species, is a parasitic annual plant that infests many crops, ornamentals, native plants, and weeds. More than 150 species occur worldwide, although dodder is most prevalent in the Americas. UCIPM Mycorrhizae – Root Nodules Mycorrhizae are fungi that coexist with the roots of many plants. They form a symbiotic relationship by entering the plant roots and extending their hyphae way out into the soil root zone surrounding the plant increasing the water and nutrient absorbing potential of the roots. In turn the fungi feed on the sugars produced by the plant through photosynthesis. Many mycorrhizae are host specific and naturally coexist with their hosts. Many species can be found in the soil at the same time and in the same general area attached to their respective host plants Sarcodes sanguinea snow plant feeds off the mycorrizal fungi that are attached to the roots of nearby trees Insectivorous Plants Typically insectivorous plants grow in boggy areas where nitrogen is low. They recapture the nitrogen by capturing and digesting the insect and using the proteins as a nitrogen source. Sundew’s leaves are covered with sticky hairs in which the insects become trapped Venus fly trap – Dionea muscipula