Download General Plant Morphology Summary

GENERAL PLANT MORPHOLOGY: A SUMMARY
"PLANT GROUP"
— The major category of natural (biological) type of land plants
to which a species belongs
— FERNS
— GYMNOSPERMS
— FLOWERING PLANTS
— MONOCOTS
— DICOTS
"BASIC LEAF FORM" — The category of the type of leaf morphology
— SIMPLE
— PINNATE
— PALMATE
— PARALLEL
— COMPOUND
— PINNATELY COMPOUND (ODD or EVEN)
— PALMATELY COMPOUND
— BIFOLIATE
— TRIFOLIATE
— BIPINNATELY COMPOUND
— PINNATIFID
— PALMATIFID
"ARRANGEMENT"
— The manner in which the leaves arise along the stems of the
plant
— ALTERNATE
— OPPOSITE
— WHORLED
— BASAL CLUMP
— ROSETTE
"LEAF SHAPE"
— A descriptive term relating to the shape of the leaf blade or
leaflet
"LEAF MARGIN"
— This describes the edge of the leaf blade of leaflet
"LEAF APEX"
— This describes the tip (end) of the leaf blade or leaflet - away
from the stem
"LEAF BASE"
— This describes the bottom (lower end) of the leaf blade or
leaflet - closest to the stem
"LEAF SURFACE"
— This relates to some distinctive feature on the upper or lower
surface of the leaf blade or leaflet
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
Characteristics of the Four Basic Plant Groups
Monocots
Reproduces by flower and seed
Seedling has a single cotyledon
Xylem and phloem in random vascular bundles
Fibrous, non-woody, non-branching root system
Clumping, non-woody, non-branching growth habit
Sword-like or strap-like leaf forms
Parallel venation of leaves
Dicots
Reproduces by flower and seed
Seedling has two cotyledons
Xylem and phloem in discrete vascular rings
Woody, branching root system
Woody branching growth habits
Various leaf forms
Netted venation of leaves
Ferns
Reproduces by spores
No seedlings – gametophytes
Xylem and phloem in vascular bundles
Single stem, clumping or rhizomatous
Fibrous or rhizomatous root system
Non-woody, non-branching growth habit
Pinnate or pinnately compound leaf forms
Netted venation of leaves
Gymnosperms
Reproduces by seed in cones or leathery berries
Seedlings have up to 15 cotyledons
Xylem and phloem in discrete vascular rings
Woody, branching root system
Woody branching growth habits
Needle or overlapping scale leaf forms
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
The Flower Summary
Four Main Parts To A Flower
 Pistil (stigma, style and ovary) female parts
 Stamen (anther and filament) male parts
 Petals (corolla – collection of petals)
 Sepals (calyx – collection of sepals)
o Perianth (calyx and corolla combined)
Pistillate Flower
 Female flower containing pistil only (stigma, style and ovary)
 Incomplete and imperfect
Staminate Flower
 Male flower containing stamen only (anther and filament)
 Incomplete and imperfect
Perfect Flower
 Contains both male (staminate) parts and female (pistillate) parts
 Does not necessarily contain petals or sepals
Imperfect Flower
 Flower missing either stamen or pistil
Complete Flower
 Flower containing both pistil and stamen – wrapped in perianth
 Contains all four parts – petals, sepals, pistil, and stamen
Incomplete Flower
 Flower one of the four main flower parts
Monoecious
 From Greek meaning “one house”
 Male and female flower parts in separate flowers on same plant
 Perfect flowers or imperfect flowers on same plant
Dioecious
 From Greek meaning “two houses”
 Separate male and female plants
 Plant contains imperfect flowers
Hermaphrodite Flower
 Flower containing both sexual parts – pistil and stamen
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
General Plant Morphology Summary.doc
“Geophyte” Seasonal Growth Cycles
Autumn
Spring
Summer
True Bulbs: Narcissus, Onions, Tulips
Spring
Summer
Rhizomes: Cannas, Bearded Iris, Ginger
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Tuberous Roots: Dahlias, Sweet Potatoes
Late Spring
Summer
Autumn
Corms: Gladiolus, Freesias
Classification of Living Organisms Traditionally
Regarded as Plants
PROKARYOTES
KINGDOM MONERA
Bacteria, including cyanobacteria
EUKARYOTES
KINGDOM PROTISTA
ALGAE
Division Chlorophyta (green algae)
Division Phaeophyta ( brown algae)
Division Rhodophyta (red algae)
Division Chrysophota (diatoms and
golden-brown algae)
Division Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Division Euglenophyta (euglenoides)
HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTA
Division Oomycota (water molds)
Division Chyrridiomycota (chyrrids)
Division Acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds)
Division Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
KINGDOM FUNGI
FUNGI
Division Zygomycota (bread molds)
Division Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Division Basidiomycota (club fungi)
KINGDOM PLANTAE
BRYOPHYTES
Division Bryophyta (bryophytes)
Class Muscopsida (mosses)
Class Anthocerotopsida (hornworts)
Class Hepaticopsida (liverworts)
VASCULAR PLANTS
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)
Division Lycophyta (lycophytes)
Division Sphenophyta (horsetails)
Division Pterophyta (ferns)
SEED PLANTS
Division Cycadophyta (cycads)
Division Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
Division Coniferophyta (conifers)
Division Gnetophyta (gnetophytes;
vessel-containing gymnosperms)
Division Anthophyta (angiosperms;
flowering plants)
Class Dicotyledones (dicots)
Class Monocotyledones (monocots)
el_camino_college/classes/Class Handouts/Plant Classifications.doc
PLANT TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
Example: Gordon Apple
__
___TAXON__________________________________________________PLANT__
__________
Kingdom………………………………………………………………………Plantae
Division (Phylum)…………………………………………………………..Anthophyta – angiosperms; flowering plants, seeds borne in ovaries
Coniferophyta – cone bearing plants, seeds not borne in ovaries
Pterophyta – ferns, spore bearing plants
Class……………………………………………………………………….Dicotyledones - dicots
Monocotyledones – monocots
Sub-class…………………….. ………………………………………….Rosidae
Order……………………………………………………………………Rosales – groups of related families based on phylogenetic unity (fossil records, comparative anatomy, etc.)
Family…………………………………………………………………Rosaceae – grouped by similar genera, similarities in flowering; large families split into tribes, similar tribes split
into sub-families
Genus……………………………………………………………….Malus – generic name form, first part of Latin binomial naming system; comprises a group of obviously similar
species; usually related by reproductive organs and methods; can be further broken down into sub-genera
Species…………………………………………………………….domestica – specific epithet, second part of the Latin binomial naming system; refers an individual group;
groups typically do not cross sexually, sexual are usually sterile; sub-species are species separated
by environmental factors
Cultivar (cv.)……………………………………………………..Gordon – cultivated variety produced by horticultural techniques and breeding;
Variety (var.)……………………………………………………………. – tends to be a variation in the species; maybe only represented by something as simple as plant color
or growth habit
Genus x species ― x represents a hybrid cross between two different species ― can be naturally occurring or “man-made”
x Genus species ― x represents a hybrid cross between two different genera ― can be naturally occurring or “man-made”
Kingdom –
el_camino_college/classes/Class Handouts/Plant Classifications.doc
Division Class –
Sub-Class –
Order –
Family –
Genus –
Species –
Cultivar –
Common Name –
el_camino_college/classes/Class Handouts/Plant Classifications.doc