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NOMBRE:____________________________________ #_________ FECHA:______________________________________________________ Español 3-Avanzado - Sra. Laurencio EXAMEN FINAL 2014: Repaso EXAMEN FINAL-2014 REPASO EXAMEN FINAL Guía y repaso de estudio A: Lunes 16 de junio @ 8:00-10:00 C: Martes 17 de junio @ 10:30-12:30 CD: Miércoles 18 de junio @ 8:00-10:00 ☻En general... ¿Cuál es el material? Vocabulario #11-#17 Apuntes #23-#39 →Repaso “El pretérito”: Apuntes #15-#19 VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS… 1. Vocabulario de la lección 2 ▪estudiar Vocabulario #13: La tecnología ▪estudiar Vocabulario #14: El mundo automovilístico 2. Vocabulario de la lección 3 ▪estudiar Vocabulario #17: La vivienda & Los quehaceres domésticos GRAMÁTICA… 3. Conjugación en el PRETÉRITO ▪Pretéritos regulares yo tú usted/él/ella nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes/ellos/ellas -ar -er -ir -é -aste -ó -amos -asteis -aron -í -iste -ió -imos -isteis -ieron -í -iste -ió -imos -isteis -ieron ▪Pretéritos irregulares en YO: –car, -gar, -zar -car: c→qu -gar: g→gu -zar: z→c buscar, explicar, practicar, tocar, sacar llegar, pagar, jugar empezar, comenzar, almorzar ▪Pretéritos irregulares ir yo tú usted/él/ella nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes/ellos/ellas fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron ▪Otros pretéritos irregulares andar: anduvestar: estuvpoder: pudponer: pusquerer: quissaber: suptener: tuvvenir: vin- ser fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron hacer dar ver hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron di diste dio dimos disteis dieron vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron yo tú usted/él/ella Preterite irregular endings nosotros(as) -e vosotros(as) -iste ustedes/ellos/ellas -o -imos -isteis -ieron 2 hay = hubo (pretérito) “there was” ▪Pretéritos con j decir: dijconducir: condujtraducir: traduj- traer: trajproducir: produj- yo tú usted/él/ella Preterite –j endings nosotros(as) -e vosotros(as) -iste ustedes/ellos/ellas -o -imos -isteis -eron ▪Pretéritos con cambios en la raíz ~Verbos –ar & -er NO sufren cambios en la raíz en el pretérito. Ejemplos: presente: yo encuentro; pretérito: yo encontré / yo vuelvo; pretérito: yo volví ~Verbos –ir: change e→i and o→u(e) ONLY in the usted/él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas. Ejemplos: yo leí ud./él/ella leyó uds./ellos/ellas leyeron yo pedí, ud./él/ella pidió uds./ellos/ellas pidieron yo dormí ud./él/ella durmió ud./él/ella durmieron 4. Conjugación en el IMPERFECTO ▪Imperfectos -ar -er regulares yo tú usted/él/ella nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes/ ellos/ellas -aba -abas -aba -ábamos -abais -aban -ía -ías -ía -íamos -íais -ían -ir -ía -ías -ía -íamos -íais -ían ▪Imperfectos irregulares ser yo tú usted/él/ella nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes/ ellos/ellas era eras era éramos erais eran ir iba ibas iba íbamos ibais iban ver veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían hay = había (imperfecto) “there was/used to be”) 5. El pretérito vs El imperfecto ▪Los usos El pretérito 1. Simple or isolated actions, and actions that were repeated a specific number of times. 2. Actions that occurred during or at a specific time. 3. Main actions and single events; and/or narration of a series of past actions or events. El imperfecto 1. Habitual actions and actions that were repeated an undetermined number of times. 2. Progressive actions that were going on for an indefinite period of time. 3. The background and circumstances of a main action: time and weather age outward or physical appearance feelings, beliefs, emotional state other external circumstances actions in progress Remember: WALTER B. MOP ▪Expresiones de tiempo para describir el pasado: estudiar Vocabulario #11 6. Construcción con “se” ▪se + verbo In Spanish, verbs that are not reflexive can be used with “se” to form statements in which the person performing the action is not defined. ~The construction se + verbo is often rendered in English by a passive construction or by a construction using an impersonal subject such as they, we, people, one, you. 3 ~¡Ojo! In such constructions, the verb agrees with the subject (which, when expressed, usually follows the verb). The third-person-singular verb form is used with singular nouns and the third-person-plural form is used with plural nouns. ▪”se” for unplanned events “Se” also describes accidental or unplanned events. In this construction, the person who performs the action is de-emphasized, implying that the accident or unplanned event is not his or her responsibility. ~se + indirect object pronoun (me/te/le/nos/os/les) + verb + subject ~In this type of construction, what would normally be the direct object of the sentence becomes the subject, and it agrees with the verb, not with the indirect object pronoun. ▪verbs commonly used with ”se”… caer dañar olvidar perder [e→ie] quedar romper 7. Los adverbios ▪Adverbios que ya sabemos… aquí, ayer, bien, hoy, mal, muy, nunca, siempre, temprano ▪-mente ~To form –mente adverbs, add –mente to the femenine form of the adjective. If the adjective does not have a special femine form, just add –mente to the standard form. ~¡Ojo! Adjectives do not lose their acento when adding –mente. (fácil → fácilmente) ~Adverbs that end in –mente generally follow the verb, while adjectives that modify an adjective or another adverb precede the word they modify. ▪estudiar Vocabulario #12: Los adverbios 8. El imperativo: mandatos familiares “tú” ▪Los mandatos afirmativos de “tú” usually have the same form as the él/ella/usted form of the present indicative. ▪There are eight irregular affirmative commands decir: di salir: sal hacer: haz ser: sé ir: ve tener: ten poner: pon venir: ven ▪Los mandatos negativos de tú are formed by: 1. dropping the final -o of the “yo” form of the present tense indicative. Then, 2. adding, for -ar verbs –es; for -er/-ir verbs –as. ▪Verbs with irregular yo forms maintain the same irregularity in their negative tú commands. ▪Verbs with spelling changes in the negative tú commands: -car: c→qu -gar: c→gu -zar: z→c ▪Irregular negative commands: dar: no des ir: no vayas ser: no seas estar: no estés saber: no sepas ▪Los reflexivos & Los mandatos ~In affirmative commands… reflexive, direct, and indirect object pronouns are always attached to the end of the verb. ♦♦When a pronoun is attached to an affirmative command that has two or more syllables, an accent mark is added to maintain the original stress. ~In negative commands… these pronouns always precede the verb. 9. El imperativo: mandatos formales “Ud/Uds.” ▪There are five irregular formal commands: dar: dé/den estar: esté/estén ir: vaya/vayan saber: sepa/sepan ser: sea/sean ▪Las mandatos formales are formed by: 1. dropping the final -o of the “yo” form of the present tense indicative. Then, 2. adding, for -ar verbs: –e; -en; for -er/-ir verbs: –a; -an. ▪Verbs with irregular yo forms maintain the same irregularity in their formal commands. 4 ▪Stem-changing verbs maintain their stem-change to in their formal commands. ▪Verbs with spelling changes: -car: c→qu -gar: c→gu -zar: z→c ▪To make a formal command negative, simply place “no” before the verb. ▪In affirmative formal commands: reflexive, indirect and direct object pronouns are always attached to the end of the verb. ▪In negative formal commands: reflexive, indirect and direct object pronouns always precede thee verb. 10. El concepto del SUBJUNTIVO (& la tabla de conjugación de verbos) Tabla de conjugación estudiar/analizar… Apuntes # 30 Modos El indicativo / El subjuntivo / El imperativo Tiempos presente, pasado, futuro... El concepto del subjuntivo ▪En la conjugación de verbos, los verbos se caracterizan por: el modo (mood) y el tiempo (tense). El modo indica la actitud que tiene la persona que habla sobre la acción. El tiempo indica ¿cuándo? ocurre la acción. 11. El indicativo vs El subjuntivo El indicativo… The indicative mood is objective. It is used to describe facts. It states what is considered to be certain. It is the mood of “what is.” Main Clause: fact / belief → Dependent Clause: el indicativo El subjuntivo… The subjunctive mood is subjective. It is used to express feelings, judgments, and/or emotions relating to an action. It states what is considered to be desirable, possible, doubtful, uncertain, etc. It is the mood of “what may” or “might be.” Main Clause: Dependent Clause: WEDDING → el subjuntivo ▪Expresiones impersonales estudiar Vocabulario #16 Algunas expresiones / verbos que se usan con el indicativo: Creo que, Sé que, Pienso que, No dudo que, Es cierto que, es verdad que, no hay duda que… Algunas expresiones / verbos que se usan con el subjuntivo: No creo que, no pienso que, dudo que, no es cierto que, me alegro que, siento que, es dudoso que… 12. Conjugación del subjuntivo Subjunctive endings: ▪Verbos Regulares El subjuntivo en el presente of most verbs is formed by: yo 1. Conjugate for the first person singular “yo” in the indicative tú 2. Drop the -O ending of the present indicative usted / él / ella 3. Add the correct subjunctive endings: nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes / ellos / ellas ▪Verbos irregulares en “yo” Verbs with irregular “yo” forms show the same irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive. -ar -e -es -e -emos -éis -en -er / -ir -a -as -a -amos -áis -an 5 ▪Verbs like enviar (to send) and continuar (to continue) have an accent in all the forms except the nosotros(as) and the vosotros(as) forms. ▪Verbs with spelling changes -car: c→qu -gar: c→gu -zar: z→c ▪Verbos con cambios en el radical ~Stem-changing –ar and –er verbs have the same stem changes in the present subjunctive as in the present indicative. ~Stem-changing –ir verbs have the same stem changes in the subjunctive as they do in the present indicative, but in addition, the nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms undergo a stem change. →The unstressed e changes to i; the unstressed o changes to u. Dar ▪Verbos irregulares: DISHES “to give” que yo que tú que usted/ él/ella que nosotros que vosotros que ustedes/ ellos/ellas Ir “to go” Ser “to be ~essential” Haber Estar “to have” ~auxiliary “to be ~conditional” Saber “to know ~fact” dé des dé vaya vayas vaya sea seas sea haya hayas haya esté estés esté sepa sepas sepa demos deis den vayamos vayáis vayan seamos seáis sean hayamos hayáis hayan estemos estéis estén sepamos sepáis sepan ▪El subjuntivo con verbos de will & influence. ~Verbos of will and influence are often used when someone wants to affect the actions or behaviors of other people: aconsejar, desear, importar, insistir en, mandar, necesitar, pedir [e-i], preferir [e-ie], prohibir, querer [e-ie], recomendar [e-ie], rogar [o-ue], sugerir [e-ie]. ~Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) are often used with: aconsejar, importar, mandar, pedir, prohibir, recomendar, rogar, sugerir. Ejemplo: TE sugiero que… (I suggest that YOU…), NOS aconsejan que…(They advise US to…) ♦♦The infinitive is used with words or expressions of will and influence if there is NO change of subject in the sentence. 13. PARA vs POR POR movimiento o localidad en general tiempo aproximado o duración de una acción causa, razón o motivo búsqueda (de algo o alguien) PARA manera o modo destino o dirección receptor intercambio o sustitución fecha tope unidad de medida (con expresiones adverbiales) propósito: meta u objetivo propósito: uso punto de referencia, comparación u opinión en el empleo de… 14. Los pronombres relativos Los pronombres relativos are used to combine two sentences or clauses that share a common element, such as a noun or pronoun. ▪que: it refers to things or to people (no prepositions, no “commas”) ▪quien/quienes: it only refers to people… after a preposition (a, con, de, en, para, por…) and within commas 6 ▪lo que: it doesn’t refer to a specific noun. It refers to an idea, a situation, or a past event and means what, that which, or the thing that 15. Los reflexivos recíprocos ▪Los reflexivos recíprocos express a shared or reciprocal action between two or more people or things (to each other, to one another). ¡Ojo! Only the plural forms of the reflexive pronouns (nos, os, se) are used to express reciprocal actions because the action involve more than one person or thing. ▪Verbos comunes: to hug; to embrace (each other) to help (each other) abrazarse to say goodbye despedirse to look at (each other) mirarse ayudarse to get divorced divorciarse pelearse to kiss (each other) besarse enamorarse to get married casarse encontrarse to greet (each other) saludarse to know –meet (each other) conocerse to fall in love (with each other) to meet; to run into (each other) to get along well ( with each other) to fight (with each other) to get together llevarse bien to see (each other) reunirse verse 16. Flashback/Revisit… Los posesivosjetivos “stressed” y pronombres ▪Los ADJETIVOS posesivos: El español tiene dos tipos de adjetivos posesivos: ~unstressed (or short) form… ya sabemos estos (mi/tu/su/nuestro(a)/vuestro(a)/su) – always before the noun. ~stressed (or long) form… it is used for emphasis or to express of mine, of yours… - always after the noun Stressed possessive adjectives masculino femenino masculino femenino singular singular plural plural my; (of) mine mío mía míos mías your; (of) yours (fam. sing.) tuyo tuya tuyos tuyas your; (of) yours (form. sing.) / suyo suya suyos suya his; (of) his / her; (of) hers / its our; (of) ours nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras your; (of) yours (fam. pl.) vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras your; (of) yours (form. spl.) / suyo suya suyos suyas their; (of) theirs ♦♦Stressed possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. ¡Buena suerte! Y… ¡a estudiar mucho!