Download 2014-Sp 3-Adv- Final-Guia de estudio

NOMBRE:____________________________________ #_________
FECHA:______________________________________________________
Español 3-Avanzado - Sra. Laurencio
EXAMEN FINAL 2014:
Repaso EXAMEN FINAL-2014
REPASO
EXAMEN
FINAL
Guía y repaso de estudio
A: Lunes 16 de junio @ 8:00-10:00
C: Martes 17 de junio @ 10:30-12:30
CD: Miércoles 18 de junio @ 8:00-10:00
☻En general...
¿Cuál es el material?
Vocabulario #11-#17
Apuntes #23-#39
→Repaso “El pretérito”: Apuntes #15-#19
VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS…
1. Vocabulario de la lección 2

▪estudiar Vocabulario #13: La tecnología
▪estudiar Vocabulario #14: El mundo automovilístico
2. Vocabulario de la lección 3
▪estudiar Vocabulario #17: La vivienda & Los quehaceres domésticos
GRAMÁTICA…
3. Conjugación en el PRETÉRITO
▪Pretéritos regulares
yo
tú
usted/él/ella
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ustedes/ellos/ellas
-ar
-er
-ir
-é
-aste
-ó
-amos
-asteis
-aron
-í
-iste
-ió
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
-í
-iste
-ió
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
▪Pretéritos irregulares en YO: –car, -gar, -zar
-car: c→qu
-gar: g→gu
-zar: z→c
buscar, explicar, practicar, tocar, sacar
llegar, pagar, jugar
empezar, comenzar, almorzar
▪Pretéritos irregulares
ir
yo
tú
usted/él/ella
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ustedes/ellos/ellas
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
▪Otros pretéritos irregulares
andar: anduvestar: estuvpoder: pudponer: pusquerer: quissaber: suptener: tuvvenir: vin-
ser
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
hacer
dar
ver
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicisteis
hicieron
di
diste
dio
dimos
disteis
dieron
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
yo
tú
usted/él/ella
Preterite irregular endings
nosotros(as)
-e
vosotros(as)
-iste
ustedes/ellos/ellas
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
2
hay = hubo (pretérito) “there was”
▪Pretéritos con j
decir: dijconducir: condujtraducir: traduj-
traer: trajproducir: produj-
yo
tú
usted/él/ella
Preterite –j endings
nosotros(as)
-e
vosotros(as)
-iste
ustedes/ellos/ellas
-o
-imos
-isteis
-eron
▪Pretéritos con cambios en la raíz
~Verbos –ar & -er NO sufren cambios en la raíz en el pretérito.
Ejemplos: presente: yo encuentro; pretérito: yo encontré / yo vuelvo; pretérito: yo volví
~Verbos –ir: change e→i and o→u(e) ONLY in the usted/él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas.
Ejemplos:
yo leí
ud./él/ella leyó
uds./ellos/ellas leyeron
yo pedí,
ud./él/ella pidió
uds./ellos/ellas pidieron
yo dormí
ud./él/ella durmió
ud./él/ella durmieron
4. Conjugación en el IMPERFECTO
▪Imperfectos
-ar
-er
regulares
yo
tú
usted/él/ella
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ustedes/
ellos/ellas
-aba
-abas
-aba
-ábamos
-abais
-aban
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían
-ir
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían
▪Imperfectos
irregulares
ser
yo
tú
usted/él/ella
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ustedes/
ellos/ellas
era
eras
era
éramos
erais
eran
ir
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
ibais
iban
ver
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veíais
veían
hay = había (imperfecto) “there was/used to be”)
5. El pretérito vs El imperfecto
▪Los usos
El pretérito
1. Simple or isolated actions, and actions that were
repeated a specific number of times.
2. Actions that occurred during or at a specific time.
3. Main actions and single events; and/or narration of a
series of past actions or events.
El imperfecto
1. Habitual actions and actions that were repeated an
undetermined number of times.
2. Progressive actions that were going on for an
indefinite period of time.
3. The background and circumstances of a main action:
 time and weather
 age
 outward or physical appearance
 feelings, beliefs, emotional state
 other external circumstances
 actions in progress
Remember: WALTER B. MOP
▪Expresiones de tiempo para describir el pasado: estudiar Vocabulario #11
6. Construcción con “se”
▪se + verbo In Spanish, verbs that are not reflexive can be used with “se” to form statements in which the
person performing the action is not defined.
~The construction se + verbo is often rendered in English by a passive construction or by a construction
using an impersonal subject such as they, we, people, one, you.
3
~¡Ojo! In such constructions, the verb agrees with the subject (which, when expressed, usually follows
the verb). The third-person-singular verb form is used with singular nouns and the third-person-plural
form is used with plural nouns.
▪”se” for unplanned events “Se” also describes accidental or unplanned events. In this construction, the person
who performs the action is de-emphasized, implying that the accident or unplanned event is not his or her
responsibility.
~se + indirect object pronoun (me/te/le/nos/os/les) + verb + subject
~In this type of construction, what would normally be the direct object of the sentence becomes the
subject, and it agrees with the verb, not with the indirect object pronoun.
▪verbs commonly used with ”se”…
caer
dañar
olvidar
perder [e→ie]
quedar
romper
7. Los adverbios
▪Adverbios que ya sabemos… aquí, ayer, bien, hoy, mal, muy, nunca, siempre, temprano
▪-mente
~To form –mente adverbs, add –mente to the femenine form of the adjective. If the adjective
does not have a special femine form, just add –mente to the standard form.
~¡Ojo! Adjectives do not lose their acento when adding –mente. (fácil → fácilmente)
~Adverbs that end in –mente generally follow the verb, while adjectives that modify an adjective or another
adverb precede the word they modify.


▪estudiar Vocabulario #12: Los adverbios
8. El imperativo: mandatos familiares “tú”
▪Los mandatos afirmativos de “tú” usually have the same form as the él/ella/usted form of the present indicative.
▪There are eight irregular affirmative commands
decir: di
salir: sal
hacer: haz
ser: sé
ir: ve
tener: ten
poner: pon
venir: ven
▪Los mandatos negativos de tú are formed by:
1. dropping the final -o of the “yo” form of the present tense indicative. Then,
2. adding, for -ar verbs –es; for -er/-ir verbs –as.
▪Verbs with irregular yo forms maintain the same irregularity in their negative tú commands.
▪Verbs with spelling changes in the negative tú commands: -car: c→qu -gar: c→gu -zar: z→c
▪Irregular negative commands:
dar: no des
ir: no vayas
ser: no seas
estar: no estés
saber: no sepas
▪Los reflexivos & Los mandatos
~In affirmative commands… reflexive, direct, and indirect object pronouns are always attached to the end
of the verb.
♦♦When a pronoun is attached to an affirmative command that has two or more syllables, an accent
mark is added to maintain the original stress.
~In negative commands… these pronouns always precede the verb.
9. El imperativo: mandatos formales “Ud/Uds.”
▪There are five irregular formal commands:
dar: dé/den estar: esté/estén ir: vaya/vayan
saber: sepa/sepan
ser: sea/sean
▪Las mandatos formales are formed by:
1. dropping the final -o of the “yo” form of the present tense indicative. Then,
2. adding, for -ar verbs: –e; -en; for -er/-ir verbs: –a; -an.
▪Verbs with irregular yo forms maintain the same irregularity in their formal commands.
4
▪Stem-changing verbs maintain their stem-change to in their formal commands.
▪Verbs with spelling changes: -car: c→qu -gar: c→gu -zar: z→c
▪To make a formal command negative, simply place “no” before the verb.
▪In affirmative formal commands: reflexive, indirect and direct object pronouns are always attached to the end
of the verb.
▪In negative formal commands: reflexive, indirect and direct object pronouns always precede thee verb.
10. El concepto del SUBJUNTIVO (& la tabla de conjugación de verbos)
Tabla de conjugación estudiar/analizar… Apuntes # 30
Modos El indicativo / El subjuntivo / El imperativo
Tiempos presente, pasado, futuro...
El concepto del subjuntivo
▪En la conjugación de verbos, los verbos se caracterizan por: el modo (mood) y el tiempo (tense).
El modo indica la actitud que tiene la persona que habla sobre la acción.
El tiempo indica ¿cuándo? ocurre la acción.
11. El indicativo vs El subjuntivo
El indicativo…
The indicative mood is objective.
It is used to describe facts.
It states what is considered to be certain.
It is the mood of “what is.”
Main Clause:
fact / belief
→
Dependent Clause:
el indicativo
El subjuntivo…
The subjunctive mood is subjective.
It is used to express feelings, judgments, and/or
emotions relating to an action.
It states what is considered to be desirable, possible,
doubtful, uncertain, etc.
It is the mood of “what may” or “might be.”
Main Clause:
Dependent Clause:
WEDDING
→
el subjuntivo
▪Expresiones impersonales estudiar Vocabulario #16
Algunas expresiones / verbos que se usan con el indicativo:
Creo que, Sé que, Pienso que, No dudo que, Es cierto que, es verdad que, no hay duda que…
Algunas expresiones / verbos que se usan con el subjuntivo:
No creo que, no pienso que, dudo que, no es cierto que, me alegro que, siento que, es dudoso que…
12. Conjugación del subjuntivo
Subjunctive endings:
▪Verbos Regulares
El subjuntivo en el presente of most verbs is formed by:
yo
1. Conjugate for the first person singular “yo” in the indicative
tú
2. Drop the -O ending of the present indicative
usted / él / ella
3. Add the correct subjunctive endings:
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ustedes /
ellos / ellas
▪Verbos irregulares en “yo”
Verbs with irregular “yo” forms show the same irregularity in all
forms of the present subjunctive.
-ar
-e
-es
-e
-emos
-éis
-en
-er / -ir
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-áis
-an
5
▪Verbs like enviar (to send) and continuar (to continue) have an accent in all the forms except the nosotros(as)
and the vosotros(as) forms.
▪Verbs with spelling changes -car: c→qu -gar: c→gu -zar: z→c
▪Verbos con cambios en el radical
~Stem-changing –ar and –er verbs have the same stem changes in the present subjunctive as in the
present indicative.
~Stem-changing –ir verbs have the same stem changes in the subjunctive as they do in the present
indicative, but in addition, the nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms undergo a stem change.
→The unstressed e changes to i; the unstressed o changes to u.
Dar
▪Verbos irregulares:
DISHES
“to give”
que yo
que tú
que usted/
él/ella
que nosotros
que vosotros
que ustedes/
ellos/ellas
Ir
“to go”
Ser
“to be
~essential”
Haber
Estar
“to have”
~auxiliary
“to be
~conditional”
Saber
“to know
~fact”
dé
des
dé
vaya
vayas
vaya
sea
seas
sea
haya
hayas
haya
esté
estés
esté
sepa
sepas
sepa
demos
deis
den
vayamos
vayáis
vayan
seamos
seáis
sean
hayamos
hayáis
hayan
estemos
estéis
estén
sepamos
sepáis
sepan
▪El subjuntivo con verbos de will & influence.
~Verbos of will and influence are often used when someone wants to affect the actions or behaviors of
other people: aconsejar, desear, importar, insistir en, mandar, necesitar, pedir [e-i],
preferir [e-ie], prohibir, querer [e-ie], recomendar [e-ie], rogar [o-ue], sugerir [e-ie].
~Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) are often used with: aconsejar, importar,
mandar, pedir, prohibir, recomendar, rogar, sugerir.
Ejemplo: TE sugiero que… (I suggest that YOU…), NOS aconsejan que…(They advise US to…)
♦♦The infinitive is used with words or expressions of will and influence if there is NO change of
subject in the sentence.
13. PARA vs POR
POR
movimiento o localidad en
general
tiempo aproximado o
duración de una acción
causa, razón o motivo
búsqueda (de algo o
alguien)
PARA
manera o modo
destino o dirección
receptor
intercambio o sustitución
fecha tope
unidad de medida
(con expresiones
adverbiales)
propósito: meta u objetivo
propósito: uso
punto de referencia,
comparación u opinión
en el empleo de…
14. Los pronombres relativos
Los pronombres relativos are used to combine two sentences or clauses that share a common element, such as a
noun or pronoun.
▪que: it refers to things or to people (no prepositions, no “commas”)
▪quien/quienes: it only refers to people… after a preposition (a, con, de, en, para, por…) and within commas
6
▪lo que: it doesn’t refer to a specific noun. It refers to an idea, a situation, or a past event and means what, that
which, or the thing that
15. Los reflexivos recíprocos
▪Los reflexivos recíprocos express a shared or reciprocal action between two or more people or things (to each
other, to one another). ¡Ojo! Only the plural forms of the reflexive pronouns (nos, os, se) are used to express reciprocal actions
because the action involve more than one person or thing.
▪Verbos comunes:
to hug; to embrace
(each other)
to help (each other)
abrazarse
to say goodbye
despedirse
to look at (each other)
mirarse
ayudarse
to get divorced
divorciarse
pelearse
to kiss (each other)
besarse
enamorarse
to get married
casarse
encontrarse
to greet (each other)
saludarse
to know –meet
(each other)
conocerse
to fall in love
(with each other)
to meet; to run into
(each other)
to get along well (
with each other)
to fight
(with each other)
to get together
llevarse bien
to see (each other)
reunirse
verse
16. Flashback/Revisit… Los posesivosjetivos “stressed” y pronombres
▪Los ADJETIVOS posesivos: El español tiene dos tipos de adjetivos posesivos:
~unstressed (or short) form… ya sabemos estos (mi/tu/su/nuestro(a)/vuestro(a)/su) – always before
the noun.
~stressed (or long) form… it is used for emphasis or to express of mine, of yours… - always after
the noun
Stressed possessive adjectives
masculino
femenino
masculino
femenino
singular
singular
plural
plural
my; (of) mine
mío
mía
míos
mías
your; (of) yours (fam. sing.)
tuyo
tuya
tuyos
tuyas
your; (of) yours (form. sing.) /
suyo
suya
suyos
suya
his; (of) his / her; (of) hers / its
our; (of) ours
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
your; (of) yours (fam. pl.)
vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
your; (of) yours (form. spl.) /
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
their; (of) theirs
♦♦Stressed possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
¡Buena suerte! Y…
¡a estudiar
mucho!