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Prokaryote Reproduction Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. Jean Brainard, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/ terms-of-use. Printed: April 20, 2015 AUTHORS Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. Jean Brainard, Ph.D. www.ck12.org C HAPTER Chapter 1. Prokaryote Reproduction 1 Prokaryote Reproduction • Explain how prokaryotes reproduce. • Define binary fission. • Describe bacterial conjugation. How do bacteria reproduce? Essentially, they grow and divide. Show here is an example of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, bacteria. Notice how one bacterium is dividing into two. Reproduction in Prokaryotes Unlike multicellular organisms, increases in the size of prokaryotes (cell growth) and their reproduction by cell division are tightly linked. Prokaryotes grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission. For a discussion of exponential growth and bacteria see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3MI0ZX5WRc (10:43). Binary Fission Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction. It occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells. This can result in very rapid population growth. For example, under ideal conditions, bacterial populations can double every 20 minutes. Such rapid population growth is an adaptation to an unstable environment. Can you explain why? 1 www.ck12.org FIGURE 1.1 Schematic diagram of cellular growth (elongation) and binary fission of bacilli. Blue and red lines indicate old and newly-synthesized bacterial cell wall, respectively. The DNA inside the bacterium is copied and the daughter cells receive an exact copy of the parent DNA. Fission involves a cytoskeletal protein FtsZ that forms a ring at the site of cell division. Genetic Transfer In asexual reproduction, all the offspring are exactly the same. This is the biggest drawback of this type of reproduction. Why? Lack of genetic variation increases the risk of extinction. Without variety, there may be no organisms that can survive a major change in the environment. Prokaryotes have a different way to increase genetic variation. It’s called genetic transfer or bacterial conjugation. It can occur in two ways. One way is when cells “grab” stray pieces of DNA from their environment. The other way is when cells directly exchange DNA (usually plasmids) with other cells. For example, as shown in Figure 1.2, the donor cell makes a structure called an F pilus, or sex pilus. The F pilus attaches one cell to another cell. The membranes of the two cells merge and genetic material, usually a plasmid, moves into the recipient cell. Genetic transfer makes bacteria very useful in biotechnology. It can be used to create bacterial cells that carry new genes. Summary • Prokaryotic cells grow to a certain size. Then they divide by binary fission. This is a type of asexual reproduction. • Binary fission produces genetically identical offspring. • Genetic transfer increases genetic variation in prokaryotes. Explore More Use this resource to answer the questions that follow. • Bacterial Reproduction at http://biology.about.com/od/bacteriology/a/aa080907a.htm . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2 What is the outcome of binary fission. Describe the process of binary fission. What happens during bacterial conjugation? What happens during bacterial transformation? What is transduction? www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Prokaryote Reproduction FIGURE 1.2 A flowchart showing bacterial conjugation. The donor cell makes a structure called an F pilus, or sex pilus. The F pilus attaches one cell to another cell. The membranes of the two cells merge and genetic material, usually a plasmid, moves into the recipient cell. Review 1. Describe binary fission. 2. Why might genetic transfer be important for the survival of prokaryote species? 3. Under ideal conditions, in 2 hours how many bacteria can result from just a single bacterium? 5 hours? 8 hours? References 1. Zachary Wilson. Schematic diagram of cellular growth and binary fission of bacilli . CC BY-NC 3.0 2. Laura Guerin. A flowchart showing bacterial conjugation . CC BY-NC 3.0 3