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COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Honors Biology OBJECTIVES • Describe and give examples for all species interactions and arrange in a graphic organizer • Contrast species richness and diversity • Describe stages of succession • Community are species interacting in a given area SPECIES INTERACTIONS • Symbioses: – Close interactions among species – Five types • • • • • Predation Parasitism Competition Mutualism Commensalism PREDATION • Predator captures, kills and consumes prey • Natural Selection: – Predators: find, capture and consume prey – Prey: avoid being captured • Flee • Hide and camouflage PREDATION • Mimicry: – Harmless species resembles poisonous species – Poisonous resembles other poisonous • Herbivores eat plants – Plant adaptations: • Physical: sharp thorns, spines, tough leaves • Chemical defenses: bad tasting, irritating, poisonous (secondary compounds) PARASITISM • Species interaction where one species is harmed and the other benefits • No killing and consuming • Parasite and host • Ectoparasite: live on body; ticks • Endoparasite: live in body: tapeworm PARASITISM • Evolution: – Defense mechanisms: skin, chemical protection in openings – Parasites: tapeworms absorb through skin COMPETITION • Fundamental niche overlap – use of same resource • Competitive exclusion: one species is eliminated from community because of competition for resources COMPETITION • Character Displacement: – Differences between competitors – Beaks on finches • Resource Partitioning – Each use part of resources – Time partitioning MUTUALISM • Both species benefit • Ants in the acacia plant • Flowers and pollinators COMMENSALISM • One species benefits and other is not affected • May not be any true cases • Egrets feeding on buffalo SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY • Species Richness – Number of species in a community – Closer to equator: greater richness – Larger areas have more species: species area effect • Species Diversity – Relative abundance of each species in a community SUCCESSION • Disturbances can trigger a sequence of changes in the composition of a community • New species come right in new species • Gradual sequential regrowth of species in an area • Pioneer Species: small, fast growing, fast reproducing PRIMARY SUCCESSION • Development where life was never supported • Slowly – minerals needed for growth are unavailable SECONDARY SUCCESSION • Replacement of species in area following disruption from natural disaster or human activity • Cleared by agriculture or natural disaster • Soil intact • About 100 years for original return; stages • Annual Grasses Perennial Grasses shrubs trees COMPLEXITY • Succession until climax community • Organisms alter environment to make it favorable for next organisms