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PLANT PROPAGATION SEXUAL PROPAGATION ASEXUAL PROPAGATION ---- SEEDS - VEGETATIVE .1 Sexual Propagation - Seeds • High quality seeds - Reliable source • Select cultivars that provide size, color and growth habit • Chose cultivars suitable for your area • Purchase enough seeds for one years use • Storage - Store in sealed container in refrigerator I -----Hiii--- Seed coat ----tJ'r (protective tissue) ~~- Endosperm (nutrient Cotyledon (embryo seed leaf) ~~-- Embryo (the new plant) Major parts of a corn seed. :, First true leaves Bean seed . (1." .'.' , ~~ Radicle (embryonic root) i ' , i.· " tissue) Seed germination of a dicot seedlinq. GROWING PLANTS FROM SEED SEEDLINGS STARTED INDOORS • Growing Media - Sterile, moist peat and perlite mix Do not use garden soil • Container - 2-3inches deep, sterile and bottom drainage Clean used containers and soak 1 part bleach and 9.parts water. • Fill container with moist media within 3/4 inch of top. Make sure there are no air pockets. • Sow seeds following per instructions on the seed packet. If seeds can be covered use 1/8 -1/4 inch of vermiculite. This will minimize damping off. • Water seeded container from the bottom • Cover seeded container with plastic and place in high light location with out sun. Bottom heat will speed germination. • As soon as seeds germinate, uncover and place in south window or under lights. • Keep moist and start liquid fertilizer feed. Spraying with fungicide will reduce damping off. • Transplant to individual containers when plant have first true leaves. Handle plants by the leav-es,not the stem. Keep out of sun for a couple of days. Continue water and fertilizer. Don't over do it, plants will get tall and leggy. 4- Additional Information • Large seeds can be planted directly into small pots. This eliminates the need to transplant. Foursix cell flat trays are suitable for this. • Some seeds need special pretreatment for germination. Scarification - Altering the seed coat by scratching, cracking or filing to allow entry of water and oxygen. Some times soaking in 'water over night ,is adequate. Morning Glory seed is an example of this technique. Stratification - Subjecting the seed to moist/cold period. Mix seed with moist peat in a sealed container and store in refrigerator for 3-4 months. Hardening Plants - Conditioning for planting outdoors I • Two weeks prior to planting in the garden set the plants outside on warm days - above 45. • Start with 1 - 2 hours the first day and increase to all day gradually. • Plant in the garden on a cloudy day or late in the afternoon. • Obviously, water well after planting. '. Germination Information for Selected Plants -------. -. -- .. ---,- ..-._---_ .._.- Plant Ageratum Alyssum Aster Balsam Begonia Broccoli Browallia Cabbage Cauliflower Celosia Centaurea Coleus Cosmos Cucumber Dahlia Dianthus Eggplant Geranium Impatiens Larkspur Lettuce Marigold Muskmelon Nicotiana Pansy (Viola) Pepper Petunia Phlox Portulaca Snapdragon Squash .Tomato Verbena Vinca Watermelon Zinnia Approximate Time to Seed B,efore Last Frost (weeks) Time Seeds Take to Germinate (days) Temperature (OF) 8 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 10 to 15 5 to 10 15 to 20 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 10 to 20 15 to 20 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 10 to 15 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 15 to 20 10 to 15 5 to 10 5 to 10 7.0 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 65 65 70 85 70 70 70 70 70 55 70 70 85 70 65 80 70 65 70 65 85 80 65 70 85 70 8 6 6 12 or more 8 12 or more 8 8 8 6 8 4 or less 4 or less 8 10 8 12 or more 10 12 or more 8 6 4 or less 8 12 or more 8 10 8 10 10 4 or less 6 10 12 or more 4 or less 6 -_ .. __ ..--. Light/Dark Requirement Light Either Either Either Light Either Light Either Either Either Dark Light Either Either Either Either Either Light Light Dark Light Either Either Light . Dark Either Light Dark Dark Light Either Either Dark Either Either Either ASEXUAL PROPAGATION There and several different techniques to reproduce plants by asexual (vegetative) means. Some plants can be reproduced by more than one method. However, there is usually one "best" procedure for each plant. The choice will depend on the number of plants you want to produce, facilities available and the effort you are willing to expend. HARDWOOD (DECIDUOUS) CUTTINGS HARDWOOD STEM CUTTINGS SOFTWOOD STEM CUTTINGS SEMIRIPE STEM CUTINGS LAYERING AIR LAYERING DIVISION '7 HARDWOOD CUTTINGS Hardwood is defined as mature wood of current seasons growth. Cuttings are taken in the fall or winter after all growth has stopped. There are two types of hardwood, DECIDUOUS and EVERGREEN. The techniques used for rooting are substantially different. The commonality is state of the wood and time of year cuttings are taken. DECIDUOUS - Cuttings are taken in the fall or winter after all current seasonal growth has matured and the plant has dropped its leaves. November through February are suitable times of the year. Collect mature shoots of current years growth. Use ends of branches or new canes grown from the base of the plant. Make sure they are healthy and not weak or spindly. After collecting, cut the shoots into pieces 6-8inches long with the bottom at an angle and the top straight across. The bottom cut should be just below a bud and the top cut about V4 inch above a bud. Dip the bottom 114-112 inch in rooting hormone and tie like kinds into a bundle and label.. Store the cuttings until spring by preparing a narrow 16inch deep trench in the garden or other suitable site. Pour in 6-8 inches of sand or Nature's Helper. Place the bundles of cuttings, angle cut up and fill the trench with sand, NH, or garden soil. Cover the cuttings so that tops are about one inch below the surface. During this storage a callus will form on the bottom, a site where roots will grow. In the spring, around mid to late April, remove the cuttings and plant is good or amended garden soil with the top bud exposed. An alternative is to plant them in pots using Nature's Helper as a growing medium and about one tablespoon of lime mixed in. This will require more frequent watering and fertilizing than in the garden. In the garden plant them about 15 inches apart and water in well. Grow in full sun. Hardwood cuttings usually root in 3 months. Plants can be transplanted to a permanent location within 1-2 years, depending on the size desired. EVERGREEN - Most evergreen plants are propagated from stem cuttings taken during the winter when the plants are dormant, thus the term "hardwood". This includes azaleas, boxwood, rhododendron, holly and other broadleaf plants. Also, conifers can be propagated in the same way. The best candidates are mature shoots at the end of branches. Cuttings should be 5-6 inches long for most plants, shorter for dwarf varieties. Interestingly, cuttings taken from conifers with upright shoots tend to produce upright plants and cuttings from side shoots will develop into bushy, spreading plants. 8 From this point on these cutting are handled the same as softwood and semiripe cuttings described below. Cuttings taken in December through February will usually root in the spring and can be potted by mid-summer. PREPARING FOR CUTTINGS: ROOTING HORMONES Most rooting hormones are based on Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), either dissolved in alcohol or dispersed in powder. Dip'nGrow, 1% IBA +0.5% l-Napthaleneacetic acid for better rooting of some plants, is dissolved in alcohol. Most Rootone purchased in garden centers is composed of either IBA or l-Napthaleneacidinide dispersed on powder at 0.2%. There are powder based systems as high as 0.8%. Some Rootone also contains 4% thiram as a fungicide. Dip'Grow recommendations are: Hardwood cuttings -- 1 part Dip'n Grow to 5 parts water = about 2,000 PPM Semiripe cuttings --- 1 part Dip' n Grow to 10 parts water= about 1000 PPM Softwood cuttings -- 1 part Dip'n Grow to 20 parts water = about 500 PPM Rootone recommendations: The 0.2% product is ok for most softwood and semiripe cuttings. Suggest that you use 0.5% to 0.8% for hardwood cuttings. ROOTING MEDIUM A mix of 50% peat and 50% perlite (by volume) is a good rooting medium for most cuttings. Dampen (not wet) both materials prior to mixing to eliminate dusting. Make sure that you achieve a uniform mix. Some use a mix of peat and sand, but the peat/perlite holds moisture well and also drains well. You can add a slow release fertilizer (Osmokote) at about 1 tsp per gallon of mix. Some claim this speeds up rooting by providing nutrients. Prepare your rooting medium in advance of taking the cuttings. Fill the container with the dampened mix, make sure contains have no air pockets, water well and set aside to drain for at least 30 minutes. SOFTWOOD AND SEMIRIPE CUTTINGS Now that you have the rooting hormone prepared and your rooting medium in containers its time to take some cuttings. But first, collect some plastic bags (zip lock work fme) and make some labels to put in with the cuttings. It's important to identify your plant material. Do not assume that you will remember. Also, make sure that your pruning shears are sharp and clean. SOFTWOOD: NEW GROWTH IN SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER - stems will bend and not break. SEMIRIPE: NEW GROWTH IN LATE SUMMER AND EARL Y FALL - stems will break on bending, but not snap off. Take cuttings early in the day, preferably before 10:00 AM. Cuttings taken late in the day have been exposed to the hot sun and are subject to loss of moisture. Store cuttings in the plastic bags along with the labels. Cuttings should be from the tips of current seasons growth and 5-7 inches long, all the same length. Also if you are propagating dwarf varieties cuttings as short as 1.5-2.0 inches is satisfactory. IMPORTANT: Keep cuttings out of the sun, they will wilt quickly. PREPARING AND STICKING CUTTINGS Out of the sun, strip off the leaves on the bottom half of the cutting, pinch out the soft tender tip and wound the bottom 1 inch of the stem. Wounding exposes the cambium layer and promotes rooting. This is very important for serniripe materials. If the cutting is from a large leafed plant cut the leaves in half. This will reduce moisture loss and allow more cuttings in a container. Next dip in the rooting hormone --- 3-5 seconds for liquid and coat the bottom Y4 inch for powder. With powder hormone, tap the cutting to knock off excess powder. . With liquid hormone treated stem, just insert into the medium and firm around it. If you are using a shallow container do not hit bottom. Make a small hole in the medium prior to inserting the powder treated cutting, so as not to scrape off the hormone. Again, firm the soil around the stem. Make sure you have each container labeled correctly. Now water well, making sure you do not wash away the rooting medium. Watering from the bottom is best. If you keep the cuttings in bright light, but zero sun, and maintain high humidity most cuttings will root in 4-8 weeks. However, with this high humidity fungus is your primary problem. To minimize fungus spray the plant (leaves and stems) with Captan, Benlate or Daconil prior to putting in the enclosure. /0 You can check to see if roots are forming by very lightly pulling on the cutting. If you feel resistance roots have started. Do not pull the cutting out and stick it back in, you will have destroyed contact with the rooting medium. Also do not be in a hurry to pot it up, wait entil the roots are sufficient to support growth. The use of heating cables or pad under the container (controled at 70-80 degrees) will accelerat rooting. THIS MAY ALL SOUND VERY COMPLICATED, BUT IT'S NOT POTTING THE ROOTED CUTTING & AFTER CARE Softwood and mid-summer semiripe rooted cuttings can be potted up as soon as they have an adequate root system. Semiripe cutting taken during the August - September time period should not be potted until after frost in the spring unless it is grown indoors. In either case the cutting should be conditioned by reducing the humidity for increasing periods of time for a week or so prior to potting.. Also increase the light, but light shading for two to three weeks. A very good growing medium is composted pine bark (Nature's Helper) with 1 tsp. of slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14 14 14 is good) for a 1quart container or 1 tbs. for a gallon container and an equal quantity of lime. (l prefer to start with the quart size and repot to gallons as the plant grows). Pine bark is porous enough to allow good drainage and oxygen access. Pro Mix BX (expensive) is also a good medium. Both materials require watering every day or two days at most. Growing in light filtered shade for the first couple of months will reduce the water requirements and less stress on the plants. Light pruning of the growing shoots from time to time will result in a better shaped plant. Gerry Hardesty January 21,2005 1/ Optimum Stage of Tissue (Wood) Maturity for Rooting Stem Cuttings of Selected Woody Ornamentals (continued) Deciduous Plants Scientific Nome Common Nome Azalea (deciduous) ..........................................•.... Basswood, American linden Birch ...............................................................•.... Bittersweet .......................................................•... Blueberry ......................•....................................... Broom Callery pear ...........•.....•...............•.................•...•.. Catalpa Cherry, flowering ....................•.......••..........•......... Clematis ........•....................................•..•...........•.. Crabapple .............•.••............................•.............. Crape myrtle ••.....•.•..........•............•...•........•......... Dawn redwood Deutzia ..........................................•.........•.....•... Dogwood ........•......•..........•.................................. Elderberry Elm •........•.......................•.................................... Euonymus Forsythia Fringe tree Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree ..................................•.... Goldenrain tree .........•.......................................... Hibiscus, Chinese Honey locust ....................•................•.................. Honeysuckle Hydrangea Ivy, Boston Larch.......... Lilac Maple Mock orange Mulberry ; Poplar, Aspen, Cottonwood Poplar, yellow ..•.................................................... Quince, flowering Redbud , Rose ,Rose of Sharon, Shrub-althea Russian olive Serviceberry Smoke tree Spirea St. John's Wort Sumac Sweet gum Trumpet creeper Virginia creeper , Weigela Willow Wisteria 'SW = softwood, SH = semihardwood, Type of Cuttinq= Rhododendron spp ..............................................•.. SW Tilia americana .:.......•..•..........•....•............•..•.•.•...••••. SW Betula spp ........•.............•....•.............•................... SW Celastrus spp ...............................................•.......•. SW, SH, HW Vacdnium spp SW, HW Cytisus spp SW, HW Pyrus calieryano •..•.••....•........•........•....••........•.......... SH Catalpa spp SW Prunus spp .....•....................•...............................•. SW, SH Clematis spp •..................•....•........................•........ SW, SH Malus spp .........................................•........•.......... SW, SH Lagerstroemia indica ..••....•.••..••..•.•••...•••••.•••......•.....•. SH Metasequoia glyptostroboides •..••.....••...••....•.....•.•..••. SW, HW .. Deutzia spp ......•.................................................... SW, HW Comus spp SW, SH Sambucus spp .......•...................................•........... SW Ulmus spp .....•.............................................. , SW Euanymus spp HW Forsythia spp SW, SH, HW Chionanthus spp SW Ginkgo bi/oba •..•..•..........................•.......•.....•.....•..... SW Koelreuteria spp .................................................•... SW Hibiscus rosa-sinensis SW, SH Gleditsia triacanthos ......•..•..•..•.....••.......•..•..........•••.. HW Lonicera spp ; SW, HW Hydrangea spp SW, HW Parthenocissus tricuspidata ..........................•............ SW, HW Larix spp SW Syringa spp SW Acer spp ...........•.................................................... SW, SH Phi/adelphus spp SW, HW Morus spp SW Populus spp .......................................................•... SW, HW Liriodendron tulipifera .....•...................•...•.....•.•. ; SH Chaenomeles spp SH Cercis spp SW Rosa spp SW, SH, HW Hibiscus syriacus SW, HW Elaeagnus augustifolia HW Amelanchier spp SW Cotinus coggygria ..; SW Spiraea spp SW Hypericum spp SW Rhus spp SW liouidambor styraciflua SW Campsis spp SW, SH, HW Parthenocissus quinquefolia SW, HW Weigela spp ; SW, HW Salix spp SW, SH, HW Wisteria spp SW HW = hardwood __ Optimum Stage of Tissue (Wood) Maturity for Rooting Stem Cuttings of Selected Woody Ornamentals Evergreen plants Scientific Name Common Name Abelia Arborvitae, American Arborvitae, Oriental Azalea (evergreen & semi-evergreen) Barberry, Japanense Barberry, mentor .........................•........................ Barberry, wintergreen Boxwood, common , ...........•........................ Boxwood, littleleaf Camellia ...•........................................................... Ceanothus .................................•.......................•.. Cedar Chamaecyparis, False cypress Cotoneaster .........................................•............... Cryptomeria, japanese Daphne Eleagnus, thorny •................................•................ English ivy ..........................•................................. Euonymus Fir ......•...............................................•................. Gardenia, Cape jasmine ......•..................•.............. Heath Heather ...•......•...............•............•........................ Hemlock Holly, American Holly, Chinese ...•....•••.•.•••.•........••..•..•••......••.•.•••••• Holly, English Holly, Foster's Holly, japanese ...................•..................•......•..•.... Holly,.yaupon jasmine .•....•..•.••..................•..........•.....•..••..••...•.•. juniper, Chinese Juniper, creeping juniper, Shore Leyland cypress .................................................•.. Magnolia .•••.......................••.•....•..•........•.• ;•..•..•.•.. Mahonia Oleander Osmanthus, holly Photinia Pine, Eastern white Pine, mingo Pittosporum Podocarpus Privet Pyracantha, firethorn Rhododendron Spruce Viburnum Yew 'SW = softwood, SH = semihardwood, Type of Cutting a Abelia spp SH, HW Thuja occidentalis SH, HW Platydadus orientalis ............•........................••......... SW Rhododendron spp SH Berberis thunbergii ..................•.•...........•......•........•... SH, HW Berberis x mentorensis ............•...........•..•.....•.....•...... SH Berberis julianae .•.....•..•.........................•.....•............ SH Buxus sempervirens •..............................•......•..•......... SH, HW Buxus microphylla .••........•............................•............ SH, HW Camellia spp SH, HW Ceanothus spp .........•.•......•...........................•.•...... SW, SH, HW Cedrus spp ......•............................. : SH, HW Chamaecyparis spp SH, HW Cotoneaster spp ....•................................................ SW, SH Cryptomeria japonica ............................•.................. SW, SH, HW . Daphne spp , SH Elaeagnus pungens ................•..•...........•............. , SH Hedera helix ...•......•...............••. ,...•........................... SH Euonymus spp ......................•................................ SH Abies spp '" SW, HW Gardenia jasminoides .....................••.......•................ SW, SH Erica spp ....................................•.......................... SW, HW Calluna vulgaris ..•.......•.......••..........•...•.••.....•..•......... SH, HW Tsuga spp SW, SH, HW lIex opaca ...•..•......•..•......................•......................... SH lIex comuta .•........•.•••............................••........•........ SH, HW· lIex aquifolium ........................................•.......•......... SH lIex x attenuata 'Fosteri' SH lIex crenata " ...•.•.•...•...........................•.•.....•..•..••..... S.H, HW lIex vomitoria SH jasminum spp SH juniperus chinensis SH, HW juniperus hotizontalis.. ..................•........................... SH, HW juniperus conferta .........................•.................•......... SH, HW x Cupressocyparis ley/andii .........•.............................. SH, HW Magnolia spp SW, SH Mahonia spp SH Nerium oleander ......•.....................................•...•...... SH Osmanthus heterophyllus SIj, HW Photinia spp SH, HW Pinus strobus ........•................................................... HW Pinus mugo SH Pittosparum spp SH Podocarpus spp SH Ligustrum spp SW, SH, HW Pyracantho spp SH Rhododendron spp SH, HW Picea spp SW, HW Viburnum spp SW, HW Taxus spp SH, HW HW = hardwood .\lorch Carolina Cooperative Extension Service /3 ." THE EASIEST METHODS OF ASEXUAL PROPACATION FOR SOME COMMON WOODY ORNAMENTALS ORNAMENTAL TECHNIQUE Azalea, all types (Rhododendron spp.) Simple layering Broom tCytisus spp.) Midsummer cuttings, all-purpose medium. 10.000 ppm IBA rooting preparation Buttertly bush tBuddlei« spp.) Summer cuttings, all-purpose Clematis (Clematis spp.) Simple layering Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster Cryptomeria, spp.) Summer cuttings, all-purpose ing preparation Japanese (Cryptomeria japonica) Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) medium medium. 3.000 ppm IBA root- late-summer cuttings, all-purpose medium, 10,000 ppm IBA rooting preparation Summer cuttings, all-purpose ing preparation medium, 10,000 ppm IBA root- Forsythia (Forsythia spp.) Hardwood Heath (Erica spp.) Early-summer cuttings, all-purpose medium, 1,000 ppm IBA rooting preparation Heather iCsllun« spp.l Early-summer cuttings, all-purpose medium, 1,000 ppm IBA rooting preparation Honeysuckle Simple layering Hydrangea (Lonicera spp.) (Hydrangea spp.) cuttings taken in early spring Late-spring cuttings: all-purpose medium, 1,000 ppm rooting preparation; softwood cuttings: all-purpose medium, 3,000 ppm rooting preparation Juniper Uuniperus spp.) Winter cuttings, medium ppm rooting preparation Lilac, French hybrid (Syringa vulgaris) Simple layering of one-year-old Magnolia spp.) Simple layering of basal shoots; rooting may take two years (Magnolia of'h peat moss and 'h perlite, 3,000 Mock orange (PhUadelphus spp.) Division of suckers, hardwood planted in spring Privet (l.igustrurn Hardwood spp.) spp.l' Rhododendron (Rhododendron Rose-of-sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) shoots cuttings taken in winter and cuttings taken in winter and planted in spring Simple layering; semihardwood cuttings, medium of 'h-peat moss and 'h perlite, 10,000 ppm rooting preparation Early-summer cuttings, all-purpose medium, 1,000 ppm rooting preparation Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa) Hardwood Smoke tree (Corinus coggygria) Softwood cuttings, preparation Spirea (Spiraea vanhoutteiJ Hardwood Trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans) Simple layering; softwood cuttings: all-purpose medium, 1,000 ppm rooting preparation Viburnum Simple layering (Viburnum spp.) cuttings taken in winter and planted in spring Softwood cuttings, preparation Willow Hardwood Wisteria (Wisteria spp.) medium, 3,000 ppm rooting cuttings taken in winter and planted in spring Weigela (Weigela spp.) (Salix spp.) all-purpose all-purpose medium, 3,000 ppm rooting cuttings taken in winter and planted in spring Simple layering if ,~ EASIEST METHODS OF. '.ASEXUAL PROPAGATION FOR SOME COMMON . , i \ PERENNIALS . '. _ '.: . . . PERENNIAL TECHNIQUE Allium (Allium spp.) Aster (Aster spp.) Bulb offsets, spring-flowering in summer, summer-flowering in spring Division in fall Avens (Geum spp.) Division in spring or-fall Baby's breath (Gypsophila spp.) Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) Basket-of-Cold (Aurinia saxatile) Beardtongue (Pentstemon spp.) Bellflower (Campanula spp.) Blanket flower (Gaillardia spp.) Bleeding-heart tOicentrs spectabilis) Division in spring or fall, single flowered varieties only Terminal stem cuttings in summer Division in spring Division of clumps in fall Division in spring Root cuttings taken in fall Division in early spring or fall Boltonia iBohoni« spp.) Catmint (Nepeta tnussinii) Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum spp.) Coralbells (Heuchera spp.) Coreopsis (Coreopsis spp.) Crocus (Crocus spp.) Cupidsdart (Catananche caerulea) Daffodil (Narcissus spp.) Daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) Delphinium (Delphinium spp.) Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) False Indigo (Baptisia spp.) Gayfeather (Liatris spp.) Geranium (Geranium spp.) Globe thistle (Echinops spp.) Division in spring or fall Division in spring;soh\vood cuttings of non-flowering shoots Softwood cuttings of lateral shoots after flowering Division in spring or fall; leaf cuttings in fall Division in spring or fall Division of cormels from corms in fall Division in fall Division of offsetsof bulbs in fall Division of clumps into fans in spring or fall Spring cuttings, all-purpose medium Division in spring or fall Division in fall Division of roots in spring . Stem cuttings taken from spring to fall Root cuttings taken in fall or division in spring Golden marguerite (Anthemis tinctorial Heliopsis (Heliopsis spp.) Jacob's ladder(Polemonium spp.) JapaneseAnemone (Anemone japonica) Lavender (Lavandut'a spp.) Leopard bane (Doronicum spp.) Lily (Lilium spp.) Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) Monkshood (Aconitum spp.) Division in spring Division in fall Stem cuttings in summer Root cuttings in fall Division of clumps in fall Division in summer after plant is dormant Scaling of bulbs in summer or planting of aerial stem bulbils Division of pips in early fall Division of tuberous roots in spring Pasqueflower (Anemone pulsatillaJ. Pampasgrass(Cortaderia selloana) Peony (Paeonia spp.) r . Division in spring or fall Division in spring or fall Division of clumps in fall, each piece haying 3-5 eyes Pink (Dianthus spp.) Phlox (Phlox spp.) Simple layering Division of clumps in fall Poppy Anemone (Anemone corona ria) Rockcress(Arabis spp.) Division of tuberous roots in fall Division in spring or fall; Softwood cuttings taken after flowers fade Sage (Salvia spp.) Snowdrop (Galanthus spp.) Snow-in-summer tCerasthun tomentosum) Thrift (Armeria spp.l Yarrow (Achillea spp.) Late-springcuttings. all-purpose medium Division of offsetsfrom bulbs Division in fall or softwood cuttings taken in summer Division in spring or fall Division of clumps in (all IS" Select the appropriate technique whe~:~~lividingperennials' . . ~?I~:':'.. ',- ....:: ..' - : Timing and technique are important when dividing perennials, and while many perennials can b~ divided in either early spring or early fall, some are very picky. Division time is denoted by (5) for early spring and (F)for early fall. For an extended list. please visit our web site at www.finegardening.com. ....:~:;.~ . ." ... :.·:-"~i;'~' .. " . '!' i.'~ :. . '~: .•--;:.::~ . #!,,:.~:.. ;.>' '-:"~'-:, ..-';:,:,:'.~ ~:', .•: .,.....', ~. .......- .- ~ ~ .•.•. -. -, ;., '; . DIVIDE THESE PLANTS BY HAND Blanket flowers (Gaillardia spp.) S/F Bleeding hearts (Dicentra spp.) S* Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans) S/F Columbines (Aquilegia spp.) S/F Coral bells (Heuchera spp.) S/F Cranesbills (Geranium spp.) S/F Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia) S/F Deadnettle (Lamium maculatum) S/F Epimediums (Epimedium spp.) S*/F Foam flower (Tiare/la cordifolia) S/F Forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatiea) S*/F Hellebores (Helleborus spp.) S*/F Jacob's ladder (Polemonium caeruleum) S/F Lady's mantle (Alchemilla mollis) S/F Lamb's ears (Stachys byzantina) S/F Moss pink (Phlox subulata) F Primroses (Primula spp.) S* Pulmonarias (Pulmonaria spp.) S*/F Pussytoes (Antennaria dioiea) S/F Sea thrift (Armeria maritima) S/F Speedwell (Veronica spicata) S/F Spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites) S/F** Stonecrop (Sedum spectabile) S/F Sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum) F Violets, pansies (Viola spp.) S/F Wormwood (Artemisia ludoviciana) S/F Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) S/F DIVIDE THESE PLANTS WITH A SPADE OR PITCHFORK African lilies (Agapanthus cvs.) S/F Anemone (Anemone X hybrida) S Asters (Aster spp.) S Bee balm (Monarda didyma) S/F Bellflowers (Campanula spp.) S/F Big bluestem grass (Andropogon gerardii) S/F" Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia spp.) S/F Blood grass (Imperata cylindrica) S/F Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) S/F Catmint (Nepeta X faassenii) S/F Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) S/F • Divide in spring after flowering • ~"7 • . .: . ,-" , " . Daisy (Leucanthemum X superbum) S/F . . Meadowsweets (Filipendula spp.) S/F Daylilies (Hemerocal/is spp.) S/F. .;.; :,~. '.Peonies (Paeonia cvs.) F': ..'" Forest grass (Hakenochloa macra) S/F ~::'" Solomon's seil! (Polygonatum .... ~ Fountain grass (Pennisetum . odoratum) S/F . alopecuroides) S/F . Wild indigo (Saptisia australis) S*/F Garden phlox (Phlox paniculata) S/F .. - ,.-.:.: :-:~:: Gaura (Gaura lindheimeri) S/F . CUT UP RHIZOMES AND TUBERS .......•. Goldenrods (Solidago spp.) S/F .. '. WITH A KNIFE Gunnera (Gunnera manicata) S/F . Arum (Arum italicum) F Hostas (Hosta spp.) S/F Bergenia (Sergenia cordifolia) S/F Japanese painted fern (Athyrium ~. ~':-'Caladiums(Caladium spp.) S niponicum 'Pictum') S/F . ._ Calla lily (Zantedeschla aethiopica) S Jerusalem sage (Phlomis ;usseliana) S/F , .. Cannas (Canna spp.) 5 Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) -.'. . . '.Corydalis (Corydalis lutea) S/F Ligularia (Ligularia dentata) S/F - : . Dahlias (Dahlia cvs.) S Masterwort (Astrantla major) S/F Elephant ears (A/ocasia spp.) 5 Monkshood (Aconitum napel/us) S 'Irises (Iris spp.) F . Penstemons (Penstemon spp.) S/F Lady fern (Athyriun1 fllix-femiria) S/F ( Perennial sage (Salvia X superba) S*/F Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) S/F Pinks (Dianthus plumarius) S/F '. .'.Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) S Poppies (Papaver spp.) F .Rodgersia (Rodgersia pinnata) S/F Red hot pokers (Knifophia spp.) S/F', Spurge (Euphorbia griffithm S/FSedge (Carex morrowii) S/F Wild ginger (Asarum europaeum) S Siberian iris (Iris sibirica) F " Sliver grasses (Miscanthus spp.) S/F THESE PERENNIALS Snakeroot (Cimicifuga racemosa) S/F .. 'ARE BEST NOT DIVIDED Switch grass (Panicum virgatum) S/F Alyssums (Alyssum spp.) Tickseed (Coreopsis verticillata) S/F . Candytuft (Iberis sempervirens) Turtlehead (Che/one glabra) S/FCarnation (Dianthus caryophyl/us) Yarrow (Achillea fllipendulina) S/F Delphinium (Delphinium X elatum) Euphorbia (Euphorbia characias .., ssp. wu/fenii) ,~ SLICE APART WOODY CROWNS Foxgloves (Digitalis spp.) WITH A HANDSAW Amsonias (Amsonia spp.) S/F Garden sage (Salvia officinaJis) . Geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) Astilbes (Astilbe spp.) S/F Lavender cotton (Santolina Bear's breeches (Acanthus ! spinosus) S/F Doll's eyes (Actaea pachypoda) S Foxtail lilies (Eremurus spp.) F Gayfeather (Uatris spicata) S/F Goatsbeard (Aruncus dioicus) S/F Joe Pye weed (Eupatorium. macuJatum) S/F Lilyturf (Liriope spicata) S/F Male fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) S/F -Wear protective gloves when dividing, as sap may irritate skin .:.~. chamaecy-parissus) ,. Lavenders (Lavandula spp.) . Rose campion (Lychnis coronaria) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) .. Russian sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia) Sea hollies (Eryngium spp.) Silvermound (Artemisia schmidtiana) Sweet pea (Lathyrus latifolius) , Trillium (Trillium grandlflorum) /6 I · .,' Simple layering. Bend a flexible, low-growing ground; stake into place; cover with soil. stem to the Tip layering. The tip of the shoot grows downward first then bends and grows toward the soil surface. . . Air iayering of a rubber plant (dicot). Remove a l-inch scrip of bark completely around the stem, dust rooting hormone on the cut surface, cover with moist sphagnum moss, and enclose in plastic or aluminum foii. /8