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White Paper WP131002EN Effective March 2015 Application of 60 Hz rated medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker at 50 Hz Introduction Continuous current ratings Although ANSI rated medium voltage vacuum circuit breakers are typically applied to voltages and currents with a frequency of 60 Hz, the growing global market increasingly requires circuit breakers to operate reliably in 50 Hz applications as well. Figure 1 illustrates how the voltage and current waves differ for the two frequencies over time (milliseconds). One of the most important factors that influence the rated continuous current is the resistance of the current carrying conductors. As effective resistance increases, the heat produced by the current also increases. Similarly, decreasing the effective resistance of the current carrying conductors reduces the heat produced. For a given amount of time, circuit breakers in a 60 Hz application will experience more frequent zero crossings than will circuit breakers in a 50 Hz application. 1.5 1 0.5 0. 00 0. 1 00 0. 3 00 0. 5 00 0. 7 00 0. 9 01 0. 1 01 0. 3 01 0. 5 01 0. 7 01 0. 9 02 0. 1 02 0. 3 02 0. 5 02 0. 7 02 0. 9 03 0. 1 03 0. 3 03 0. 5 03 0. 7 03 9 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 50 Hz Figure 1. Frequency comparison 60 Hz For a circuit breaker of a specific continuous current rating, the rated value was primarily established by measuring the temperature rise of the current carrying components with the rated current applied. The stabilized temperature must have been less than or equal to the maximum values stated in the relevant test standard. The material properties of the current carrying conductors determine the resistance in this testing. Obviously, the composition of the material is important, but additionally the surface area of the current carrying components contributes to a factor known as the Skin Effect. The electrons of the continuous current, being of the same electromagnetic charge, tend to repel each other. This causes the distribution of the current passing through the conductors to be concentrated more at the outer edges (or “skin”) of the conductors than at the middle of the conductors. As the frequency of the current increases, the resistance due to the Skin Effect increases. By operating a circuit breaker rated for 60 Hz at 50 Hz, the reduced Skin Effect resistance allows the circuit breaker to run slightly cooler. Therefore, continuous current performance for a 60 Hz circuit breaker will be better when operating the circuit breaker at 50 Hz. Short circuit ratings As can be seen in Figure 1, the amount of time between current zero events is longer for 50 Hz than it is for 60 Hz. Additionally, the rate of change of the current is higher for 60 Hz than it is for 50 Hz. These factors must be considered when evaluating short circuit performances. The maximum arcing time that is possible during a short circuit fault at 50 Hz may exceed the 60 Hz tested values by up to 1.7 milliseconds. As a result, before applying a circuit breaker that has been rated for 60 Hz into a 50 Hz application, consideration should be given to the equipment being protected to ensure that the potential additional 1.7 milliseconds of arcing time will not result in unacceptable increased equipment damage. In most practical applications, this increase in time is inconsequential. White Paper WP131002EN Application of 60 Hz rated medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker at 50 Hz Effective March 2015 The vacuum interrupters used on Eaton medium voltage circuit breakers have extremely good performance characteristics that are not significantly affected by the rate of change of the current being interrupted. The IEEET standard for testing of medium voltage circuit breakers (C37.09-1999) allows testing at 60 Hz to be used to demonstrate the performance at 50 Hz for circuit breakers not significantly affected by the rate of change of the current. Short time withstand ratings The short time withstand rating of a circuit breaker verifies that the structure of the circuit breaker is capable of withstanding the magnetic forces associated with a high current over a 2-second time span when the components heat up. As previously discussed, the heat generated from 50 Hz current is slightly lower than the heat generated at 60 Hz. The magnetic forces are proportional to the RMS current, which does not change for different frequencies. Therefore, the short time withstand performance would be equal to or better at 50 Hz than at the rated 60 Hz. Dielectric ratings Power frequency withstand voltage ratings are based on a 1-minute test, with an allowable variation in the power frequency of ±20%. Therefore, testing at either 60 Hz or 50 Hz demonstrates the performance of the circuit breaker at both frequencies. Full wave lightning impulse withstand voltage ratings are based on a specific voltage waveform, and therefore are independent of the power frequency of the circuit breaker. Mechanical endurance ratings Mechanical endurance ratings are independent of the power frequency of the circuit breaker. However, charging motors could operate slightly slower at 50 Hz control voltage than they operate at 60 Hz. Eaton’s charging motors on medium voltage vacuum circuit breakers are designed to charge the circuit breaker in less than 7 seconds at 60 Hz nominal voltage. Operation at 50 Hz control voltage may result in a charging time increase of up to 1.4 seconds, which will have no effect at all on circuit breaker endurance. Charging time will remain well within the allotted time of the IEEE standard (15 seconds). Capacitive current switching ratings Tests demonstrating capacitance current switching capabilities of circuit breakers made at the rated power frequency of 60 Hz +5% may be considered to prove the breaking characteristics at 50 Hz. If tests are made outside this frequency range (for example, 50 Hz) these may be considered to prove the characteristics at 60 Hz provided that the instantaneous recovery voltage across the current interrupting contacts of the circuit breaker, during the first 8.33 milliseconds, is not less than that which would occur for a 60 Hz test. Summary For most applications, using a 60 Hz rated Eaton medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker on a 50 Hz circuit is acceptable. Some analysis of the short circuit requirements of the system are recommended, because arcing time could potentially be slightly longer. If the rated short circuit performance of the circuit breaker is very close to the maximum possible short circuit condition of the circuit, i.e., if there is very little margin between the circuit requirements and the circuit breaker ratings, then applicationspecific high-power laboratory testing is recommended. References C37.04-1999—IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA. C37.09-1999—IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA. C37.013-1997—IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA. C37.013a-2007—IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis Amendment 1: Supplement for Use with Generators Rated 10–100 MVA, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA. 62271-100—IEC International Standard for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear—alternating-current circuit breakers. Authors Anthony T. Ricciuti is a Specialist Engineer at Eaton in Pittsburgh, PA. Anthony has a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh, and has more than 20 years of experience in the design, testing, and analysis of circuit breakers. Brad Leccia is an Engineering Manager at Eaton in Pittsburgh, PA. Brad has a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Pennsylvania State University, and has more than 20 years of experience in the design, testing, and analysis of circuit breakers. About Eaton Eaton is a power management company with 2014 sales of $22.6 billion. Eaton provides energy-efficient solutions that help our customers effectively manage electrical, hydraulic and mechanical power more efficiently, safely and sustainably. Eaton has approximately 100,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries. For more information, visit Eaton.com. Eaton 1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122 United States Eaton.com © 2015 Eaton All Rights Reserved Printed in USA Publication No. WP131002EN / Z16335 March 2015 Eaton is a registered trademark. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.