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EST
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24
The lithosphere:
minerals and rocks
PAGES
184–191
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Definitions
The lithosphere is the hard shell of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the topmost part
of the upper mantle.
Minerals are solid inorganic substances with clearly defined composition and properties.
Rocks are heterogeneous solids composed of many minerals.
Internal structure of the Earth
Lithosphere
Inner core
Outer core
Lower mantle
Upper mantle
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for classroom use with Observatory.
Earth’s crust
Some of the main minerals mined in Québec
Mineral
Gold
Possible uses
Jewellery, electronic equipment, trade
Pipes for plumbing, electronic equipment, electrical wire,
Copper
construction (roofing)
Stainless steel, magnets, coins
Nickel
Iron
Observatory / Guide
11129-B ANSWER KEY
Steel manufacture
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Concept reviews
CONCEPT REVIEW 24
The lithosphere: minerals and rocks
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Distinctive features of minerals
• Unique chemical composition
• Exist naturally.
• Inorganic substances
• Ordered atomic structure
Some physical properties of minerals
Property
Description
Idiochromatic
Colour
minerals : The element
that gives them their colour is part of their chemical composition.
Allochromatic
minerals : The impurities
they contain give them their colour.
Property by which a mineral allow light to pass through it.
Transparent : Lets light pass straight through it.
Transparency
Translucent : Lets light through, but it is impossible to see through it.
Opaque : Lets no rays through at all.
Resistance to scratching according to the Mohs scale
Hardness
(value from 1 to 10)
Powder trace obtained by rubbing the mineral on a surface of
Streak
unglazed porcelain
Types of rock
Type of rock
Formation
© ERPI Reproduction permitted solely
for classroom use with Observatory.
The result of the cooling of magma.
Igneous rocks
Extrusive
igneous rocks are formed on contact with the air.
Intrusive
igneous rocks are formed before
reaching the surface.
The result of accumulation and compaction of debris
Sedimentary rocks
Former igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been transformed by
Metamorphic rocks
Observatory / Guide
11129-B ANSWER KEY
heat or pressure.
2
Concept reviews
CONCEPT REVIEW 24
The lithosphere: minerals and rocks