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AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813 Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Agricultural Revolution: – Wealthy bought more land experimentation – Results: • Tried new agricultural methods • Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities – Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Crop Rotation: – Improved medieval 3-field system – Ex: • Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients) • Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients) • Year 3: Barley • Year 4: Clover Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Why Britain?: – Natural Resources: • Water power & coal – fuel machines • Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings • Rivers – inland transportation • Harbors – merchant ships set sail Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Why Britain?: – Economic Expansion: • Investment in new inventions • Highly developed banking system • Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress increased demand for goods Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Why Britain?: – Political Stability: • No wars on British soil • Positive attitude • Laws to encourage business • Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital) Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors: Natural Resources: – Obstacle = political disunity – Coal-rich Ruhr Valley – Led to importation of British equipment, engineers – Sent children to England to learn industrial management Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors: • Railroads: – Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr Valley Industrialization in Japan Contributing Factors • Meiji Reform: – Meiji = “enlightened rule” – Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism – Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down Industrialization in England Process: • Transportation: – James Watt – improved steam engine – Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat – England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods – Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained – Steam-powered locomotives Industrialization in England Process: • Rise of Cities: – Growth of factory system city building and people shift toward cities (urbanization) – Built near sources of energy (coal & water) – London most important Industrialization in England Process: • Living & Working Conditions: – No development plans, sanitary & building codes – Lacked housing, education – Sickness widespread – Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk – Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case of injury – Coal mines most dangerous – children and women employed here b/c they were cheap Industrialization in Germany Process: • Transportation: – See above • Economy & Military: – Economic strength spurred ability to become military power Industrialization in Japan Process: • Transportation: – Followed industrialization – Early 1900s = modern economy – Built railroads Industrialization in Japan Process: • Westernization: – To counter western influence = modernize – Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways – Chose best & adapted – Modernized military Industrialization in Japan Process: • Modernization: – Coal production grew – Built thousands of factories – Expanded unique production (tea & silk) – Shipbuilding to be competitive with west Industrialization Working Conditions: • Industry created many new jobs • Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous • Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline • Long-Term Effect: – Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions Industrialization Social Classes: • Factory workers – overworked, underpaid • Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class. • Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were. • Long-Term Effect: – Standard of living rose Industrialization Size of Cities: • Factories brought job seekers to cities • Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size • Many cities specialized in certain industries • Long-Term Effect: – Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities Industrialization Living Conditions: • Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls • Housing, water, & social services were scarce • Epidemics swept through the city • Long-Term Effect: – Housing, diet, & clothing improved Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality: • Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries • Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products • Began seizing colonies for economic resources imperialism Impact of Industrialization Transformation of Society: • Industrialization = tremendous economic power • Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries • Development of middle class – education & democratic participation social reform Important Writings Adam Smith: • Basic Ideas: – Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress – Government need not interfere in the economy • Wrote “Wealth of Nations” Important Writings Karl Marx: • Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people • Wrote “Communist Manifesto” Impact of Urbanization on Women Mixed Blessing: • Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home • Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made Impact of Urbanization on Women Reform Movements: • Women formed unions in womendominated fields • Served as safety inspectors in womendominated factories Impact of Urbanization on Women Jane Adams: • Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood Nationalism Unification of Germany: • Led by Prussia • Otto von Bismarck – Prime Minister under Wilhelm I – Policy of Realpolitik: • Tough power politics - no idealism • Issues not decided by resolutions, but by “blood and iron” • Allowed him to expand Prussia & achieve dominance Germany Seven Weeks’ War (1866) • Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia • Prussia (superior training & equipment) humiliated Austria • Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy • Had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory • Prussia took control of N. Germany – for 1st time, E & W Prussia joined Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) • Bismarck manufactured “incident” that caused France to declare war on Prussia • Final stage in German unification • S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian (Protestant) leadership • King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor – Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st) • Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by “blood and iron” Nationalism Unification of Italy: • Led by Sardinia • Camillo di Cavour – Prime Minister under King Victor Emmanuel II – Worked to expand Sardinian Empire – Succeeded through war, alliances, & help of nationalist rebels – Unified Italy in process Germany & Italy - Similarities • Leaders were aristocrats • Nations united by nationalism • One state led unification Japan Modernization Pays Off for Japan • By 1890, Japan had: – Several dozen warships – 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers – Became strongest military power in Asia Japan Japan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State • Constitution & legal codes similar to European nations • Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of foreigners • 1894 – foreign powers accepted it • Strength & feeling of equality rose • Became more imperialistic Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): • Causes: – Russia refused to stay out of Korea – Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy anchored off coast of Manchuria Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): • Results: – Destruction of Russian navy – Territorial gains for Japan – Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria & Korea Reaction to Foreign Domination Young Turks: • Progressive group that believed in liberalism, constitutionalism, materialism, centralized government, and nationalism • Opposed imperialism • Impact: – Tradition of dissent shaped political and intellectual life in late Ottoman period – State was instrument for social/political change – Ideals helped form early modern Turkish state Forces of Imperialism Motives: • Economic competition for markets & raw materials • National pride • Racism • Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize” non-European peoples Forces of Imperialism Technological Advantages over Africa: • Superior weapons • Railroads, cables, steamships • Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria Forces of Imperialism Factors Making Africa Vulnerable: • Africans’ great diversity of languages and cultures • Ethnic rivalries • Lower level of technology, including weapons Division of Africa Berlin Conference of 1884 & 1885: • Agreement among 14 European nations about how to divide Africa among European countries • Outcomes: – Random distribution of African ethnic & linguistic groups among European nations – Transformation of the way of life of Africans “From Cairo to Cape Town” Division of Africa Clash in South Africa: • Zulus – Shaka – created large centralized state – Successors unable to keep together against British superior arms – British invaded 1879 – Fell to British control in 1887 • Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners – 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa • British – Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed with Boers over British policy regarding land & slaves Division of Africa Boer War (1899-1910): • Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s • Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla tactics • British burned farms & imprisoned women & children • Britain finally won • Outcome: – Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa controlled by British French Control of Indochina How Brought Under Control: • Missionaries were killed • French army invaded Vietnam • Combined it with Laos and Cambodia French Control of Indochina Method of Control: • Direct control – French themselves filled all important positions in gov’t French Control of Indochina Economic Policies: • Discouraged local industry • Rice became major export crop French Control of Indochina Colonial Impact: • Imposed French culture • All schools, courts, & businesses followed French models • ↓ of local industries • Less food for peasants Japanese in Asia War with China (Sino-Japanese War) (1894-1895): • How it started: – Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king, who asked China for military help – Chinese troops marched into Korea – Japan protested violation of agreement & sent its troops to fight the Chinese • Consequences: – – – – Destruction of Chinese navy Beginning of Japanese colonial empire Change to world’s balance of power Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers (& enemies) in Asia Japanese in Asia Occupation of Korea: • Annexed Korea – brought under control • Ruled Korea harshly • Established very repressive gov’t that denied rights to Korea • Inspired Korean nationalist movement Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China): • Setting the Stage: – China self-sufficient, little trade w/ west favorable balance of trade – Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would buy in large quantities found it in opium – Many Chinese became addicted Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China): • Causes: – Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped Britain refused to stop Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China): • Results & Effects: – Chinese defeat & humiliation – Cession of Hong Kong to Britain (Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) – Continuation of opium trade – Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens – Chinese resentment against foreigners Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China): • Setting the Stage: – Population provided major challenge growing 30% in only 60 years Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China): • Causes: – Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed enormous population – Increasing opium addiction – Poverty Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China): • Results & Effects: – Rebellion put down – Restoration of Qing to power (with help of British and French forces) – 20 million people died Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan): • Perry Arrives in Tokyo: – Arrives with letter from U.S. President Fillmore – Letter politely asked shogun to allow free trade – Perry gave threat that he would return with larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply – Purpose: shock & frighten Japanese into accepting trade with U.S. Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan): • Treaty of Kanagawa (1854): – Japan opened two ports where ships could take supplies Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan): • Benefits to U.S.A.: – Gained rights to trade at those two ports – Opened door for other W powers Effects of Imperialism Colonization: • Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America Effects of Imperialism Colonial Economics: • Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies Effects of Imperialism Christianization: • Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia