Download Phonetics – Tenses A. Phrasal I. Phrasal

ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
04/03/2014
DOLLA Pauline L2
Anglais
C. Brandenburger
14 pages
Relecteur 5
Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
Plan
A. Chapter 8 : Phrasal
I. Phrasal verbs
II. Break in / Break into
III. Break up
B. Chapter 4 : Phonetics – Saying it aloud
I. Tableau de correspondance graphie/son
II. Unstressed Syllables
III. Verbs and nouns in 2 syllable words
C. Chapter 6 : Tenses
I. Preterite
II. Plu perfect
III. Review of tenses
A. Phrasal
I. Phrasal verbs
a. Définition
Phrasal verbs are basic verbs (cf, to do, to take, to make) which can combine with different prepositions (cf. up,
out, down) to create completely new verbs, with new meanings. Phrasal verbs are more commonly used in oral
speech.
ex: to get (obtenir) / to get up (se lever du lit)
Ce sont des verbes basiques qui peuvent être combinés avec différentes prépositions pour créer de nouveaux
verbes ayant un sens complètement différent.
Sometimes you will have two prepositions.
ex: down with
Here are some examples :
Phrasal verb
Meaning
Example
to do with
to do without
to do away with
to make of
to make for
to make up for
avoir besoin de
se passer de
abolir
penser (opinion)
se diriger, se rendre
compenser
I could do with a nice cup of tea.
We'll have to do without a holiday.
Slavery was done away with in the XVIIIth century.
What do you make of it?
Let's make for the city centre.
The superb food made up for the lack of comfort.
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ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
What's more, one phrasal verb may have multiple meanings.
Example
Meaning
To take off
What time did your plane take off ?
It was so hot I took off my jumper
Décoller
Retirer (ses vêtements)
To make up
Before going out, she made up
He made up the whole story
Se maquiller
Inventer de toutes pièces
To get through
I don't think I'll get through this report before midnight
I'm sure I'll get through the exam
Terminer
Réussir
To go off
My alarm clock never went off
The bomb could go off any minute
The fish will go off if you don't freeze it
He went off to the tropics
Sonner
Exploser
Se gâter
Partir
Selon le contexte le sens sera différent.
Transitive vs Intransitive :
An intransitive verb does not need an object. Therefore it is impossible to separate the particle from the verb.
Ex: Please come in.
A transitive verb needs a direct object. Often it's possible to separate the particle from the verb.
Ex: Put on your shoes / Put your shoes on.
Put on your shirt / Put your shirt on / Put it on (On ne peut pas dire « put on it »)
Turn off the TV / Turn the TV off.
b. What do phrasal verbs mean ?
It's often possible to understand what a phrasal verb means by looking at its particle.
Below you will see some of the meanings of the six most common particles used with phrasal verbs.
UP :
An upward movement:
We left early, just as the sun was coming up.
An increase, an improvement :
Sales have gone up in the past year.
Completing, ending:
We used up all the eggs when we made the cake.
Approaching:
A taxi drew up just as we were thinking of calling one.
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DOWN :
A downward movement:
The teacher told the pupils to sit down.
A decrease:
That music is too loud! Turn it down!
Completing, ending, stopping:
Business was so bad that the shop has to close down.
OUT :
An outward movement, not being inside:
Let's eat out this evening.
Excluding:
The double glazing helps to shut out the noise.
Completing, doing thoroughly:
It took me hours to clean out that room.
IN/INTO :
An inward movement:
The spectators poured into the stadium.
Including, being involved:
We'd better let her into the secret.
OFF :
Movement away, detaching:
We set off at miday.
Preventing entry, separating, not including:
They've fenced off their garden to keep dogs out.
ON :
Touching, attaching:
I wish you wouldn't put on so much lipstick!
Continuing to do something:
He went on talking as if nothing had happened.
The other particles can often be understood because they have their literal meanings of place or movement.
Here are some additional meanings:
AWAY :
Continuous activity:
The secretary kept typing away, ignoring the noise outside.
BACK :
Returning :
I've given back the tools I borrowed.
Reference to past time:
This photo brings back memories of when I was young.
THROUGH : (it means you move from one hand to the other hand, d'un bout à l'autre)
Completing, doing thoroughly:
I need to think this through before I decide.
When you read or hear a phrasal verb that you have never met before, try to guess its meaning. Does its
particle help you to understand it? Can you guess its meaning from its context?
Look the verb up in a dictionary to see if you are correct. Make a note of the verb and write your own sentence
so that you can remember the meaning.
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c. Health
➢ A. Symptoms
to throw up : vomir, rejeter par dessus bord (= vomiting)
to come down with : tomber malade (1ère personne, on parle de nous)
to go down with : tomber malade (2ème et 3ème personne, on parle de quelqu'un d'autre)
to fight off : combattre, repousser
(attention à la prononciation pour of (əv) et off (OF))
sore throat : mal de gorge
to put something out : luxer, déboiter (= dislocated)
to shake off : se débarrasser de quelque chose (= get rid of)
to swell up : enfler, gonfler (= become larger)
blocked-up : bouché (= bunged up)
to pass out : faire un malaise (= fainted)
Attention tous les verbes ici sont des verbes irréguliers.
Exercices:
56.1 Complete this text, using particles from A.
I fell as if I am coming down with flu. I am fighting off a sore throat and my nose is constantly blocked-up (ou
bunged up). My glands have swollen up and, if I try to eat anything, I feel as if I am going to throw up. I wish I
could shake it off as I have so much work to do. I can't afford to be absent.
56.2 Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences, using a phrasal verb from the opposite page.
1. I've had a sore throat for a week now – I just can't get rid of it → shake it off
2. Meg hadn't eaten anything for 48 hours and so it wasn't surprising that she fainted in the middle of her
gym lesson → passed out
3. The doctors were afraid that the old man wouldn't survive the attack of pneumonia, but amazingly he
recovered and was soon on his feet again → pulled through
(pull through : when it's something extremely severe, very serious, you can die)
4. I think I'm just about to get a cold – I feel a bit shivery → I'm coming down with
5. My thumb became bigger after I accidentally hit it with a hammer → swolle up
6. The sea was so rough that many people were vomiting over the side of the ship → were throwing up
7. People usually write letters of condolence to the relatives of someone who has died → passed away
8. The old lady is in great pain because she has dislocated her hip → has put out her hip / has put her hip
out
9. After the operation, her sister nursed her until she was completely recovered → cared for
10. How do you think you contracted chicken pox ? → came down with
56.3 Match the beginning of each sentence with its ending.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Jim's uncle passed away last year.
Sonya is fighting off a bout of flu.
Rita is kept very busy caring for her elderly mother.
Mary's ankles swolle up during the long flight.
Most people usually slow down a bit as they get older.
I think Joe is going down with flu.
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ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
II. Break in / Break into something
break in : used for intransitive
break into : used for transitive
= entrer par effraction
Study: Read these sentences carefully
Get a strong front door lock, otherwise anybody could break in.
Thieves broke in by smashing a window.
Then I saw that somebody had broken into my car and stolen the radio.
My car has been broken into six times.
On utilise beak into (transitif) lorsqu'on a un complément d'objet.
Sans complément on utilise beak in (intransitif).
Practise:
1. Match the two halves to make complete sentences.
a. I never thought anyone would ever be able to break in.
b. He was caught on CCTV breaking into a parked car.
c. My flat has never been broken into, and I hope it never will.
d. He'd used a hammer to break in through the window.
e. Apparently, he had actually broken into his own house.
2. Why might someone need to break into their own home?
→ Because they forgot their keys for example.
3. Why are ground-floor apartments (appartements de rez-de-chaussée) sometimes considered to be more
dangerous than upstairs ones? Use break in or break into something in your answer.
→ Because it's easier to break into.
Build your vocabulary :
Sometimes you will have phrasal nouns like a break-in (= cambriolage). This is a countable noun.
De façon similaire aux phrasal verbs, nous avons des phrasal nouns dérivés du même verbe, il faut alors mettre
un trait d'union entre le nom et sa particule.
Ex: Police reported a rise (=une augmentation) in the number of break-ins over the last 12 months.
III. Break up
= se séparer de quelqu'un / se casser la figure
Study : Read these sentences carefully.
It's always hard when a marriage breaks up, especially if there are children.
After three albums, the band broke up in order to have solo careers.
He's just broken up with his girlfriend.
Check : Use the sentences in the Study box to help you do these exercices.
Meaning: Complete the meanings with a word or phrase from the brackets.
a. If a relationship breaks up, it comes to an end.
b. If people break up, they end a relationship.
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ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
Grammar: Which of these are grammatically possible ?
a. They broke up → possible = ils se sont séparé
b. He broke up → impossible
c. He broke up with her → possible
d. The marriage broke up → possible
Practise:
1. Complete the sentences with one of the subjects below, using each subject only once.
a. Her marriage broke up in 1985, leaving her to raise two children on her own.
b. Many bands break up because of personality clashes between members.
c. Pat was very depressed after she broke up with John.
d. The project will focus on why families break up and how this can be avoided.
e. They were together for four years, but then a year ago they broke up.
Build your vocabulary:
a break-up = une rupture (this noun is usually countable)
ex: He moved away after the break-up of his marriage.
Family break-ups are stressful and difficult.
B. Chapter 4 : Phonetics – Saying it aloud
I. Tableau de correspondance graphie/son
Classify the following groups :
Consonants :
z / s (vues en TP)
ʃ (Russia) / tʃ (China)
z (Tunisia) / dz (Japan)
δ (Netherlands) / θ (Ethiopia)
ʃ (sh, -tion most of the time)
tʃ (ch, -ture)
proportion, shake, shin, vaccination
check, cheek, chest, chin, essential, structure
z
dz
garage, George, measure, pleasure, vision
George, jaw, journal, major
δ
θ (« you push the air in front of you », pour cette
prononciation on pousse vraiment l'air vers l'avant)
breathe, bother, then, this, with
breath, birth, mouth, thigh, think, thorax, thumb
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ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
Vowels :
i (s'il y a beaucoup de consonnes: exemple ccicc)
i:
fill, shin, slipper
Belief, complete, fever, heel (=talon), measles
(=rougeole), protein, these
∂
∂:
a, axilla
burn, hurt, nurse, occur, surgeon, were, work
Where : ε∂
Were : e:
e (hen)
æ (cat)
breast, head, health, neck, next
act, africa, match, tablet
∧ (duck)
a: (shark)
blood, enough, gum (=gencive), love, lungs, mumps
(=oreillons), other, result, trunk (=tronc), tongue,
under, young
arm, calf, far, harm, heart
o
o:
Body, cough, not, spot, what
Corpse, four, horse, jaw, more, organ, scald
(=ébouillanter), sore, talk
u (bull)
u:
foot, should, would
bruise (=contusion), flu, due, rule, through, truth
Diphtongs : (mélange de 2 sons différents)
ei (snake)
ai (tiger)
oi (oil) (ça s'écrit toujours « oi »)
Ache, baby, brain, came, case, gay, Blind, guy, sight (vue)
navel, name, x-ray
Appoint, joint, ointment, steroid
au
∂u
Found, how, power, sound
Ago, also, bone, cold, dose, follow, nose, process,
shoulder, smoke, toes
u∂ (poor)
i∂ (dear)
ε∂ (bear)
Cure, sure
Appear, area, ear, severe
Area, bear, care, dare, hair, there
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ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
II. Unstressed Syllables
La syllabe accentuée est appelée stressed et celle qui ne l'est pas unstressed.
On commence avec des mots courts. L'accent tonique est représenté par un grand O.
2 syllables : oO / Oo
3 syllables : Ooo / oOo / ooO
In words with 2 or more syllables, at least ONE syllable is WEAK (doesn't have stress).
Look at the words CARROT and CABBAGE. Their stress pattern is Oo.
Therefore, the second syllable is pronouced /∂/ and /i/ respectively.
Quand la graphie « a » n'est pas sous l'accent tonique (stressed), le « a » ne se prononce pas « a » (sauf
exception) mais perd une demi valeur et se prononce alors « e ».
Examples :
away : oO (le premier a se prononce e)
banana : oOo
woman : Oo
sugar : Oo
police : oO
support : oO
The sound /∂/ → I ate a banana in a cinema in Canada.
cinema : Ooo
Canada : Ooo
The sound /i/ → Alex's lettuces tasted like cabbages.
7.1 Listen to the poem and circle the words which rhyme.
Mr Potter loves his pasta
Noone else can eat it faster
Mr Potter's sister Rita
Buys the pasta by the metre
Mr Potter's older daughter
Boils it in tubs of water.
Toutes les fins de chaque ligne rhyment (son : e).
7.2 Chercher l'accent tonique
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
from Canada to China → Ooo / Oo
the parrot was asleep → Oo / oO
the cinema was open → Ooo / Oo
the photographer's assistant → oOoo / oOo
a question and an answer → Oo / Oo
a woman and her husband → Oo / Oo
a pasta salad → Oo / Oo
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ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
7.3 How is the weak syllable said?
Sound /∂/
Asleep, collect, doctor, letter, quarter, salad, sofa,
woman
Sound /i/
Begin, market, needed, orange, peaches, return,
teaches, women
III. Verbs and nouns in 2 syllable words
Some words are both nouns and verbs. For example, record is a noun if you put stress on the first syllable, and
a verb if you put stress on the second syllable.
Noun : Oo Verb: oO
Note: There is not always a change of stress in words that are both nouns and verbs.
For example: answer, picture, promise, reply, travel, visit always have stress on the same syllable.
Note: The stress stays in the same place when we make longer words from these two-syllables nouns, adjectives
and verbs.
For example, in both happy (Oo) and unhappy (oOo), the stress is on the syllable happ, and in both depart (oO)
and departure (oOo), the stress is on the syllable part.
28.2 Circle the word with a different stress pattern from the others.
Ex: money / machine / mountain / message
1. answer / agree / allow / attract
2. middle / minute / mission / mistake
3. compare / correct / copy / collect
4. garden / granny / guitar / grammar
5. complete / common / careful / crazy
6. pronounce / provide / promise / prefer
7. shampoo / shoulder / shower / shopping
8. reason / remove / receive / review
28.3 Read the sentences and decide what stress pattern the words in bold have. Then listen, check and repeat.
Ex: I got my first record as a present when I was elevent.
record = Oo / present = Oo
1. You've progressed well this year, but I'd like to see even more progress.
Progressed = oO / Progress = Oo
2. We import too much petrol and the country's export figures are going down.
Import = oO / Export = Oo
3. It started as a student protest, but now the army has rebelled against the government.
Protest = Oo / Rebelled = oO
4. In the desert, there is a big contrast between temperatures in the day and at night.
Desert = Oo / Contrast = Oo
5. These companies produce household objects such as fridges and washing machines.
Produce = oO / Objects = Oo
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ANGLAIS - Phrasal – Phonetics – Tenses
41 Word stress
Look at the following pairs of words and decide :
– where the main stress is in the first word
– if it stays on the same syllable in the second word, or moves.
Ex: The verb support has stress on the last syllable : oO
The noun supporter keeps the stress in the same place : oOo
The verb concentrate has stress on the first syllable : Ooo
But in concentration the main stress moves forward : ooOo
Nouns ending with -tion are always stressed on the syllable before.
The verbs which are derived from these nouns have the stress 2 syllables before.
ex: Concentration / Concentrate
Les adjectifs qui finissent en -ic, les noms qui finissent en -ics et les adverbes qui finissent en -ically : ils ont
l'accent tonique avant la dernière syllabe.
ex : economics : ooOo
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
photograph Ooo → photography oOoo : different
estimate Ooo → estimation ooOo : different
consult oO → consultant oOo : the same
refer oO → referral oOo : the same
physic Oo → physician oOo : different
refuge Oo → refugee ooO : different
capable Ooo → capability ooOoo : different
nation Oo → national Ooo : the same
consult oO → consultancy oOoo : the same
ideal oO → idealist oOoo : the same
compute oO → computer oOo : the same
astronomy oOoo → astronomical ooOoo : different
photography oOoo → photographer oOoo : the same
sentiment Ooo → sentimental ooOo : different
approve oOo → approval oOo : the same
forget oO → forgettable oOoo : the same
telephone Ooo → telephonic ooOo : different
geriatrics oOo → geriatrician ooOo : different
edit Oo → editor Ooo : the same
picture Oo → picturesque ooO : different
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C. Chapter 6 : Tenses
I. Preterite
PAST TIME :
PRETERIT SIMPLE :
Be
single was
plurial were
Was I ?
Were you ?
Other verbs (including « to have »)
I wasn't
You weren't
-ed ou verbes irréguliers 2ème colonne
ex : looked / ate
forme interrogative : DID
Did he look ?
Did he eat ?
Quand on n'a pas de contact entre maintenant et le passé on utilise le prétérit.
Meanings :
1- Dates, history, memories :
In 1865 Pasteur discovered the theory of microbes.
2- Action finished at the time if speaking :
Last week the doctor put me on a course of antibiotics.
3- Past actions whose importance has dwindled :
She took 2 tablets half an hour ago.
Time markers :
Yesterday, ….ago (3 days ago, 5 months ago, 6 years ago...), last.... (Monday, week, month, year), formerly,
previously, in (1960), in the 18th century.
In the old days, once upon a time, during the war.
PRETERIT CONTINUOUS :
Its main use is to show an action that in the past had a certain duration and that was interrupted by another
action which was shorter.
Il est utilisé pour une action qui a eu une certaine durée dans le passé et a été interrompu par une action plus
courte.
Was / were + ING
Meanings :
1- Simultaneity of 2 actions (in the past)
She was calling the ambulance while her husband was giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
2- Actions of different lengths (in the past)
The telephone rang while she was giving an injection.
3- Temporary past actions
Last winter she was expecting a baby.
4- Duration
The research team was making quick progress.
Time markers : while, when
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PRONOUNCIATION OF PRETERIT SIMPLE :
ID (after letters t and d)
T (after the sound S, F, CH, X and
after p or k)
D (all the rest by default, especially
if you have vowel sound)
treated, afforded, stimulated,
disregarded, decided
divorced, assessed, laughed,
coughed, popped, cooked,
purchased, developed, smoked,
assessed, liked, boxed, brushed
married, discovered, qualified,
studied, cared, complied, scanned,
x-rayed, mailed, phoned
Le son « ED » n'existe pas !
II. Plu perfect
PLU PERFECT SIMPLE :
You can call it past perfect.
Le plu perfect est utilisé pour quelque chose qui était antérieur au passé (dans un contexte au passé).
Anterior Past Present
past
Beware : The context has to be in the PAST.
Meanings:
1- In-depth vision of events
As soon as penicillin had been discovered, certain diseases were eradicated.
2- Necessary order of events
As soon as he had finished examining the x-ray plates, he phoned for an ambulance.$
After she had taken the 2 tablets, she went to sleep.
Time markers: after, as soon as, when
Had + ed
Had + 3rd colonne (eaten)
PLU PERFECT CONTINUOUS :
Notion de durée ou de discontinuité.
Meanings:
1- In-depth vision of events (emphasis on duration)
The anaesthetist had been working for 15 non-stop when the incident occured.
2- Emphasis on duration
Researchers had been trying to find a cure for diphteria for years and years when they finally came up
with a vaccine.
Time markers: when, after, for a long time, during this period.
Exercices :
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III. Review of tenses
1. Complete the sentences with plu perfect tenses, present or continuous. Also beware of the passive voice.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
We had given him first aid by the time the ambulance arrived.
The doctor wanted to know what the nurse had been doing.
Mary didn't get home until after her parents had gone to bed.
You lost your granddad soon after you had lost your grandma, didn't you?
As soon as John had recovered, he was sent home.
Shortly after the surgeon had examined the x-rays, he phoned the consultant.
2. Complete the sentences with preterit or plu perfect tenses, simple or continuous. Also beware of the passive
voice.
1. The nurse who admitted George asked him what had happened to him. He told her he had been
knocked down by a car on a pedestrian crossing. Not only did he have (he had → inversion a cause de
l'expression) cuts and bruises, but he was bleeding all over.
2. Jean had been working at St Cross's for 6 months when she met Jacky.
3. The nurse didn't take the trolley into the ward before it was ready.
4. After disposable syringes had been used, they were thrown away safely in the recycle bin.
5. John's headache didn't get better before he had taken two aspirins.
10.6 : MCQ : Choose the most suitable answer.
1. The dermis is a layer of tissue beneath the epidermis which ….... blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair
follicles, and glands.
(a) contained
(b) is containing
(c) has contained
(d) contains
2. I saw her earlier in the week. She …..... psychiatric treatment for a period of 3 months.
(a) had been undergoing (b) was undergoing
(c) has been undergoing (d) is undergoing
3. Before being admitted to hospital, she ….... from chronic psoriasis with inflamed swollen skin lesions.
(a) had suffered
(b) had been suffering
(c) suffers
(d) suffered
4. They ….... a liver biopsy to quantify iron (=fer) accumulation
(a) have already requested
(b) had already been requesting
(c) have already been requesting
(d) are already requesting
5. At present, the Medical Association …..... formulating guide-lines on migraine treatment for doctors.
(a) has been considering
(b) is considering
(c) had been considering
(d) considers
6. By the end of the war, penicillin ….... widely available.
(a) was becoming
(b) became
(c) has become
(d) had become
7. The doctors observed that as time went by, the metabolic rate of the kidney ….... .
(a) has gradually decreased
(b) was gradually decreasing
(c) has gradually been decreasing
(d) gradually decreased
8. He …..... a nosocomial infection as a result of his stay in hospital last year.
(a) has developed
(b) has been developin
(c) developed
(d) develops
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