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Minerals and Rocks
Properties of Minerals
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Luster
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Properties of Minerals
• Luster: the way a mineral shines, or
reflects light
Properties of Minerals
• Streak: the color of a mineral when it is
ground to a powder.
Properties of Minerals
• Hardness: the measure of how easily a
mineral can be scratched.
Properties of Minerals
• Cleavage: is the tendency of a mineral to
split easily along flat surfaces.
Mica cleaves, or
splits, along one
plane.
Ruby does not split
along cleavage
planes.
Calcite has three
cleavage planes.
Uses of Minerals
• In glasses( titanium)
• In watches (quartz)
• In Aluminum bats (bauxite)
• In Windows (talc, quartz, calcite,
and feldspar
• In Plumbing Pipes (copper)
• Any many others
Rocks vs. Minerals
• Minerals are non living solid materials that
has a definite chemical makeup.
• What???
• What this means is that each mineral is
made up of just one thing.
• Rocks are solid materials made up of one
or more minerals.
Earth’s Layers
• 1st Layer Crust: the thinnest
layer made up of rock
• 2nd Layer Mantle: a thick layer
of rock between the crust and
the core.
• 3rd Layer Core: a dense ball
with a liquid out part and a
solid inner part.
Rocks
• A rock is a naturally occurring
mixture of one or more minerals,
organic matter, volcanic glass
and sometimes other materials.
• Rocks are classified by how they
are formed, their composition,
and texture
• Rocks change over time through
the rock cycle
Types of Rocks
• Igneous Rocks form when melted rock
from deep below Earth’s surfaces cools
and hardens.
Obsidian forms
when molted rock
cools quickly.
Granite is
molten rock
that hardens
in the crust
Basalt makes up
much of Earth’s
crust beneath the
oceans.
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools
allowing minerals to crystallize.
Magma—molten rock material inside the Earth
Lava—molten rock material that reaches Earth’s
surface.
Magma that cools slowly beneath the surface
produces Intrusive Igneous Rocks.
Lava that cools at the surface produces
Extrusive Igneous Rocks.
Intrusive
Extrusive
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Cools slowly = larger crystal
grains
Granite
Diorite
Cools quickly = smaller
crystal grains
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Obsidian
Rhyolite
Pumice
Scoria
Types of Rocks
• Sedimentary rock forms when sand, particles of rock,
bits of soil, and remains of once-living things (sediments)
are pressed together and harden. This only happens
when they are weathered down.
Conglomerate
forms from
sediments of
different sizes.
Shale forms from
thin layers of clay.
It is smooth and
breaks easily into
layers.
3 Types of Sedimentary Rock
1. Clastic—made from broken fragments of other
rocks
2. Chemical—formed when dissolved minerals
come out of a solution
3. Organic—made from remains of once living
things
Clastic Sedimentary
Breccia is a term most
often used for clastic
sedimentary rocks that are
composed of large angular
fragments.
The spaces between the
large angular fragments
can be filled with smaller
particles or a mineral
cement that binds the rock
together.
Chemical Sedimentary
Limestone is a sedimentary
rock composed primarily of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in
the form of the mineral calcite.
It most commonly forms in
clear, warm, shallow marine
waters.
It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of
shell, coral, algal and fecal
debris.
Organic Sedimentary
Coal is an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation and
preservation of plant
materials, usually in a
swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible
rock and along with oil
and natural gas it is one
of the three most
important fossil fuels.
Processes Needed to Form Clastic
Sedimentary Rocks
1. Weathering-breaking of rocks into
sediment
2.
1. Erosion- movement of sediment
2. Deposition-settling of sediment in layers
3.
4. Compaction-squeezing of sediment together
5. Cementation-natural gluing together of sediment
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Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near
the Earth’s surface
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No heat and pressure involved
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Strata – layers of rock
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Stratification – the process in
which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
Types of Rocks
• Metamorphic rock is rock that forms
when existing rocks are changed by
extreme heat and pressure.
Granite, an
igneous
rock,
changes to
gneiss.
Limestone, a sedimentary
rock, changes to marble
Metamorphic Rock
• Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat
minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and is
made up of granular
mineral grains.
It typically contains
abundant quartz or
feldspar minerals.
Metamorphic Rock
• Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in bands or planes.
Marble is a nonfoliated
metamorphic rock
that is produced
from the
metamorphism of
limestone.
It is composed
primarily of calcium
carbonate.
Metamorphic Rock
• Determine if the following rock samples
are foliated or non-foliated:
Amphibolite
Quartzite
Phyllite
Foliated
Foliated
Nonfoliated
-Grains grow and
rearrange but do not
form layers.
-Grains in parallel
layers.
-Formed with high
pressure
-Gneiss
-Slate: watertight
-Metamorphic
rocks
-Change in solid
state (NO melting).
-Marble
-Quartzite
-Heat and pressure
-Formed with less
-Classified by
texture, and mineral pressure.
composition.
The Rock Cycle
• The continuous series of changes that
rocks undergo.
Rock Foldable: Words you need to
know!
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Rock
Rock cycle
Igneous rock
Metamophic rock
Sedimentary rock
Intrusive
Foliated
Extrusive
Chemical
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Weathering
Erosion
Magma
Nonfoliated
Compaction
Cementation
Clastic
Organic
Lava
Deposition
What Do You Remember?
What Do You Remember?
• The way a mineral shines is called its
____________________.
• A solid material made up of one or more
minerals is ________________.
What Do You Remember
• How easily a mineral can be scratched is
its _________________
• Rock that forms from cooled molten rock is
called_______________
What Do You Remember
• The color of a mineral when it is ground to
a powder is
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A: hardness
B: texture
C: streak
D: cleavage
What Do You Remember
• Sand, bits of rock, and the remains of
once-living things are called
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A: sediment
B: core
C: minerals
D: metals
What Do You Remember
• All rocks are made up of one or more
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A: metals
B: minerals
C: once-living things
D: crystals
What Do You Remember
• What is not a property that can be used to
help identify a mineral?
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A: luster
B: streak
C: hardness
D: talc