Download The Human Body Systems

The Human Body Systems
The Cardiovascular System
The Circulatory System
• Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients, and
waste through the body using the blood.
• Major Structures: heart, veins, arteries,
capillaries, and blood.
The Heart
• an organ made of muscle tissue, about the size of
your fist.
• Located a little to the left of the middle of your chest
• Has four chambers
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Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
The Heart – Blood flow
• The right and left side are separated from each
other to keep the blood on the correct path.
• The atria and ventricles are separated by four
valves, which act like trap doors – only letting
blood move forward.
The Heart – Blood flow
• The right atrium receives blood from the rest of
the body (no oxygen).
• Sends it to the right ventricle and into the lungs.
• The lungs put oxygen in the blood, and send it to
the left atrium.
• The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood
to the rest of your body.
Blood Vessels
• Arteries: carries oxygen-rich blood from the
left ventricle to the rest of the body. (red)
• Capillaries: tiny blood vessels that connect
arteries to veins; collect waste from cells.
• Veins: return oxygen-poor blood to the right
atrium of the heart. (blue)
Major Blood Vessels
• Aorta: major blood
vessel that carries blood
from the heart to the
rest of the body.
• Carotid arteries: two
large arteries in the neck
that carry blood to the
brain.
Major Blood Vessels
• Pulmonary
vein/artery: carry the
blood from the heart to
the lungs, and back to
the heart again.
• Superior vena cava: a
major vein taking blood
from the upper body to
the heart.
Blood
• The liquid part of blood is called plasma, and it is
mostly water.
• Platelets are tiny pieces of blood cells that help clot
blood.
• The solid part of blood contains red blood cells
and white blood cells.
▫ Red blood cells absorb oxygen from the lungs.
▫ White blood cells help fight infection by attacking
viruses/bacteria.
The Human Body Systems
Caring for the Cardiovascular
System
Pulse
• You can measure your pulse on any major artery
or vein in your body.
• The two easiest places are on your wrist and on
your neck.
Pulse
• Walk up and down the stairs for one minute and take your pulse. How does
this compare to your resting heart rate?
• Do jumping jacks for one minute and check your pulse again. What is it
now?
Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure is the force that blood has after it
is pumped from the heart.
• It always changes and is affected by activity, rest,
temperature, diet, posture, etc.
Measuring Blood Pressure
• Doctors use a sphygmomanometer to measure
blood pressure.
• Doctors compare the systolic pressure with the
diastolic pressure to get a blood pressure
reading.
• An adult normal BP is 120/80
High Blood Pressure
• High blood pressure is more commonly found in
adults, but kids can have it, too.
• It can be associated with excess weight, stress,
an unhealthy diet, and not exercising.
Heart Health
• Exercise: get at least 30 minutes of exercise
every day.
• Healthy diet: eating a balanced diet will help
keep your heart healthy.
• Drinking water: water helps flush out unhealthy
materials from our body.
Balanced Diet
• Grains: breads, rice, pasta, and cereals can be found in
this food group. For the healthiest options, choose multior whole grain options! 6-11 servings
• Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, melons, and berries are
just a few options from this group. Mixed berries contain
a high amount of antioxidants! 2-4 servings
• Vegetables: carrots, lettuce, spinach, peppers, squash,
and beans are some healthy choices. The more colorful
your veggies are, the healthier they are for you to eat! 35 servings
Balanced Diet
• Meat/eggs/nuts: chicken, turkey, fish, eggs, legumes,
and almonds are some smart choices for this food group.
Most of these foods are high in protein, which helps
build muscle. 2-3 servings.
• Dairy: milk, yogurt, and cheese are the main choices
here. Some of these foods are high in fat, so they
shouldn’t be a main entrée in your meals! 2-3 servings.
• Fats, oils, and sweets: It’s okay to have a treat every
once in a while, but they should be eaten sparingly.
Healthy fats and oils can be found in some foods like
olives and avocados.
Balanced Diet
The Human Body Systems
The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
• Function: Take in oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide.
• Major Structures: trachea, bronchi, alveoli,
lungs, and diaphragm.
The Respiratory System
• The respiratory system begins working as soon
as your take a breath.
• The air goes in through your nostrils or your
mouth, and then travels down your trachea, or
windpipe.
• On the way down, tiny hairs called cilia filter
the air to keep your lungs clean.
The Respiratory System
• The trachea split into two tubes called bronchi.
• Each tube leads into a lung.
• Each lung has even smaller branches of tubing,
which each has a tiny air sac called an alveoli at
the end of it.
The Respiratory System
• The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, which
we learned connect arteries and veins in the
circulatory system.
• At these tiny spaces, the two systems are joined
together to turn deoxygenated blood into
oxygenated blood.
More about the Lungs…
• Your lungs are not the same size; the left lung is
smaller to make room for your heart.
• They are protected by your rib cage.
• The diaphragm is beneath the lungs; it helps
aid in inhaling and exhaling.
• There are about 30,000 bronchioles (small
tubes) in each lung.
Did you know…
• Without your respiratory system, you would not
be able to talk?
• When you exhale, air moves by the larynx
(voice box) and through the vocal cords, causing
vibrations which lead to sound.
• Keeping your lungs healthy is important!
Exercising and not smoking are very beneficial
for these hard-working organs!
The Human Body Systems
The Digestive System
The Digestive System
• Function: breaks down food into nutrients and
gets nutrients into the blood.
• Structures: mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
The Digestive System
• Saliva in your mouth moistens food and begins
to break it down into sugar.
• When you swallow food, it travels down the
esophagus (~10 in. tube) that leads to the
stomach.
▫ Gastic juice/acid in the stomach breaks food
down even more.
The Digestive System
• After a few hours, food moves into the small
intestine, where the digestion process is
completed.
• The villi in the sm. intestine collect the
nutrients to send them into the blood stream.
• The small intestine is about 22 feet long!
The Digestive System
• Food that is not broken down will pass into the
large intestine where it, along with other waste
products, are expelled from the body.
• The large intestine is wider than the small
intestine, but only about 5 feet long.
Other Important Organs…
• Liver: produces bile, which breaks down fats
into more easily digested particles.
• Gallbladder: stores bile until it is needed.
• Pancreas: produces fluid that neutralizes
stomach acid and chemicals that help finish
digestion.
Digestive Health
• To keep your digestive system working in a
happy way, drink plenty of water and eat foods
that are high in fiber – most fruits, veggies, and
whole grains!
The Human Body Systems
The Excretory System
The Excretory System
• Function: removing wastes from the blood and
the body.
• Structures: liver, kidneys, nephrons, ureters,
bladder, and urethra; sweat glands.
The Excretory System
• Blood is carried into the kidneys (most people
have 2) to be filtered by the renal arteries. The
blood contains ammonia/urea.
• Each kidney has more than 1 million nephrons
inside of it. These act as mini-filters to clean
waste out of the blood.
The Excretory System
• When the urea is filtered, it combines with water
to form urine.
• The urine travels in tubes called ureters that
connect the kidneys to the bladder.
• The bladder stores the urine until it is full, and
then pushes it through the urethra and out of
the body.
The Sweat Glands
• We also get rid of excess materials when we
sweat.
• Our bodies have an amazing ability to maintain
homeostasis – stable temperature – through
sweating.
• Heat and sweat are released from our bodies.
The Human Body Systems
The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
• Function: provide support, protect internal
organs, attachment site for muscles/help in
movement.
• Structures: bones, tendons, ligaments, and
cartilage.
What are bones made of?
• Periosteum: the thin outer surface that
contains nerves and blood vessels.
• Compact bone: smooth and hard; the part you
see when you look at a skeleton.
• Cancellous bone: looks like sponge but is very
hard.
What are bones made of?
• Bone marrow: the innermost part of the bone;
thick gel-like part that makes blood cells.
• Calcium makes your bones so tough.
Types of bones
• Long bones: bones in your legs and arms.
• Short bones: bones in your fingers and toes.
• Flat bones: in your shoulders and hips.
• Irregular bones: in your wrists and ankles.
Types of joints
• Bones are linked together at places called
joints.
• Hinge joint: allow back and forth movement,
like a door.
▫ Elbows and knees
• Ball and socket joint: allows circular
movement, like a joystick.
▫ Shoulders and hips
Types of joints
• Fixed joints: these joints do not provide
movement; your skull is made of several pieces
of bone joined together by fixed joints.
• Synovial fluid: liquid found in joints to help
them move easily; like oil.
Connective Tissue
• Ligaments: holds bones together by attaching
to each bone, almost like a rubber band.
• Tendons: tough bands that hold muscles onto
bones.
• Cartilage: soft tissue in ears, nose, and at the
end of bones when they form a joint.
Did you know…
• The human body has 206 bones?
• Each hand has 27 bones and your feet each
have 26 bones?
• Your skull is made of 23 bones?
The Human Body Systems
Bones
Your Core
• The spine makes up your backbone and is
called your vertebrae.
▫ There are 26 of these in total.
▫ They let you twist and bend, and hold your
body upright.
• Your rib cage consists of usually 12 pairs of ribs
that are attached to your spine. The first 7 pairs
also attach in the front to a bone called a
sternum.
Your Legs
• At the base of your legs is your pelvis, which
supports the spine and is made up mostly of
your hip bones.
• The large bones coming from your pelvis to your
knee are your femurs.
▫ Longest bone in the body.
Your Legs
• A fancy word for your knee is the patella.
• This connects your femur to two smaller bones
that make up your lower leg: the tibia and
fibula.
Your Legs
• These two bones connect to your ankle
(sometimes called the tarsals), which connects it
to the largest bone in your foot – the talus.
• There are 52 bones in your feet and ankles
combined!
Your Arms
• Just like your legs start at your hip bones, your
arms begin at the shoulder bones.
• The shoulder blade is called your scapula, and
it is shaped like a triangle.
• The upper arm bone, called the humerus, is
connected to your scapula and your elbow.
Your Arms
• On the other side of your elbow are two smaller
arm bones, called the radius and the ulna.
• These two bones lead to the wrist, which is made
up of 8 smaller bones that lead to your hand.
▫ Sometimes called the carpals
• Do you know what scientists call your fingers
(and toes)?
▫ Phallanges!
Other bones
• Clavicle: collarbone; connects the shoulder to
the body.
• Skull/Cranium: head
• Mandible: the lower jaw bone.
The Human Body Systems
The Muscular System
Other bones
• Function: move the body
• Structures: muscles and tendons.
What are muscles made of?
• All muscles are made up of elastic tissue that
allows them to contract and expand.
• Thousands of fibers make up each muscle.
• You have over 600 muscles in your body!
Types of Muscles
• Smooth: usually in layers.
▫ Involuntary: you cannot control them.
▫ Stomach, heart, and eyes are a few examples.
 Your heart muscle is sometimes called the cardiac
muscle, or the myocardium.
Types of Muscles
• Skeletal: appear striped because they have light
and dark fibers making them up.
• Voluntary muscles: you control when and
how they move.
• The skeletal muscles work with your bones to
create the musculoskeletal system.
The Human Body Systems
Major Muscles
Important Muscles…
• Deltoid: move your shoulders
• Pectoralis/pectorals: upper chest muscles
• Abdominals: the muscles beneath your rib
cage.
• Obliques: the muscles on the sides of your
stomach
Important Muscles…
• Bicep: the muscle seen when you flex your
upper arm.
• Tricep: the muscle found on the backside of
your upper arm.
Important Muscles…
• Quadriceps: the muscles on the front of your
thighs.
• Hamstrings: on the back of your thigh; a good
test of your flexibility!
• Gastrocnemius: just a fancy way of saying
your calf muscle (lower leg).
The Human Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
• Function: controls just about everything you
do!
• Structures: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
neurons.
The Nervous System
• There are two major parts of the nervous system:
the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system.
• The CNS is the brain and spinal cord, and the
PNS is the sensory organs and nerves.
What are nerves?
• Nerves are bundles of nerve cells, called
neurons.
• These neurons are made up of two parts: the
axon and the dendrites.
What are nerves?
• Neurons are specialized and can send messages
from one neuron to another until it reaches the
brain.
• In between these neurons are tiny gaps called
synapses. Chemicals help the neurons pass the
message along.
What are nerves?
• Sensory organs contain a receptor nerve cell
to help them detect changes in the environment,
such as vibrations in air (sound).
The Spinal Cord
• Bundle of nerves that connects the brain to the
rest of the body.
• Protected by the vertebrae.
• The spinal cord runs down our back, and has
spinal nerves coming out between our vertebrae.
• It is only the width of a finger and about 43-45
cm long.
The Human Body Systems
The Brain
The Brain
• Our brain is like the boss of the body, while the
rest of the nervous system helps it do its job.
• The brain is very complex, but we will break it
down into a few basic parts.
The Cerebrum
• The biggest part of the brain
• 85% of its weight
• The “thinking” part of the brain – holds your
memory
• Two parts: the left side (math, logic, and speech)
and the right side (music, colors, and shapes)
• Controls voluntary muscles
The Cerebellum
• Located at the back of the brain, below the
cerebrum.
• Controls balance, movement, and coordination.
The Brain Stem
• Connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord.
• In charge of all of the functions you need to do to
stay alive, like breathing, circulating blood, and
digesting food.
• Sorts and organizes all of the messages being
sent to your brain.
Pituitary Gland
• Very small – about the size of a pea!
• Produces and releases hormones to help you
change and grow throughout your life.
• Helps control your metabolism – which helps
make sure your body has enough energy.
The Hypothalamus
• Remember how we said your body has the ability
to maintain homeostasis, or constant
temperature?
• This is why! The hypothalamus knows your body
needs to be around 98.6 F.
• If you’re too hot, you sweat. When you’re too
cold, you begin to shiver.
The Amygdala
• Scientists believe that these small bundles of
nerves, which are located on both sides of your
brain, control your emotions.