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The Human Body Systems The Cardiovascular System The Circulatory System • Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste through the body using the blood. • Major Structures: heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, and blood. The Heart • an organ made of muscle tissue, about the size of your fist. • Located a little to the left of the middle of your chest • Has four chambers ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle The Heart – Blood flow • The right and left side are separated from each other to keep the blood on the correct path. • The atria and ventricles are separated by four valves, which act like trap doors – only letting blood move forward. The Heart – Blood flow • The right atrium receives blood from the rest of the body (no oxygen). • Sends it to the right ventricle and into the lungs. • The lungs put oxygen in the blood, and send it to the left atrium. • The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of your body. Blood Vessels • Arteries: carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. (red) • Capillaries: tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins; collect waste from cells. • Veins: return oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium of the heart. (blue) Major Blood Vessels • Aorta: major blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. • Carotid arteries: two large arteries in the neck that carry blood to the brain. Major Blood Vessels • Pulmonary vein/artery: carry the blood from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart again. • Superior vena cava: a major vein taking blood from the upper body to the heart. Blood • The liquid part of blood is called plasma, and it is mostly water. • Platelets are tiny pieces of blood cells that help clot blood. • The solid part of blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells. ▫ Red blood cells absorb oxygen from the lungs. ▫ White blood cells help fight infection by attacking viruses/bacteria. The Human Body Systems Caring for the Cardiovascular System Pulse • You can measure your pulse on any major artery or vein in your body. • The two easiest places are on your wrist and on your neck. Pulse • Walk up and down the stairs for one minute and take your pulse. How does this compare to your resting heart rate? • Do jumping jacks for one minute and check your pulse again. What is it now? Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is the force that blood has after it is pumped from the heart. • It always changes and is affected by activity, rest, temperature, diet, posture, etc. Measuring Blood Pressure • Doctors use a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure. • Doctors compare the systolic pressure with the diastolic pressure to get a blood pressure reading. • An adult normal BP is 120/80 High Blood Pressure • High blood pressure is more commonly found in adults, but kids can have it, too. • It can be associated with excess weight, stress, an unhealthy diet, and not exercising. Heart Health • Exercise: get at least 30 minutes of exercise every day. • Healthy diet: eating a balanced diet will help keep your heart healthy. • Drinking water: water helps flush out unhealthy materials from our body. Balanced Diet • Grains: breads, rice, pasta, and cereals can be found in this food group. For the healthiest options, choose multior whole grain options! 6-11 servings • Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, melons, and berries are just a few options from this group. Mixed berries contain a high amount of antioxidants! 2-4 servings • Vegetables: carrots, lettuce, spinach, peppers, squash, and beans are some healthy choices. The more colorful your veggies are, the healthier they are for you to eat! 35 servings Balanced Diet • Meat/eggs/nuts: chicken, turkey, fish, eggs, legumes, and almonds are some smart choices for this food group. Most of these foods are high in protein, which helps build muscle. 2-3 servings. • Dairy: milk, yogurt, and cheese are the main choices here. Some of these foods are high in fat, so they shouldn’t be a main entrée in your meals! 2-3 servings. • Fats, oils, and sweets: It’s okay to have a treat every once in a while, but they should be eaten sparingly. Healthy fats and oils can be found in some foods like olives and avocados. Balanced Diet The Human Body Systems The Respiratory System The Respiratory System • Function: Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. • Major Structures: trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, and diaphragm. The Respiratory System • The respiratory system begins working as soon as your take a breath. • The air goes in through your nostrils or your mouth, and then travels down your trachea, or windpipe. • On the way down, tiny hairs called cilia filter the air to keep your lungs clean. The Respiratory System • The trachea split into two tubes called bronchi. • Each tube leads into a lung. • Each lung has even smaller branches of tubing, which each has a tiny air sac called an alveoli at the end of it. The Respiratory System • The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, which we learned connect arteries and veins in the circulatory system. • At these tiny spaces, the two systems are joined together to turn deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood. More about the Lungs… • Your lungs are not the same size; the left lung is smaller to make room for your heart. • They are protected by your rib cage. • The diaphragm is beneath the lungs; it helps aid in inhaling and exhaling. • There are about 30,000 bronchioles (small tubes) in each lung. Did you know… • Without your respiratory system, you would not be able to talk? • When you exhale, air moves by the larynx (voice box) and through the vocal cords, causing vibrations which lead to sound. • Keeping your lungs healthy is important! Exercising and not smoking are very beneficial for these hard-working organs! The Human Body Systems The Digestive System The Digestive System • Function: breaks down food into nutrients and gets nutrients into the blood. • Structures: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The Digestive System • Saliva in your mouth moistens food and begins to break it down into sugar. • When you swallow food, it travels down the esophagus (~10 in. tube) that leads to the stomach. ▫ Gastic juice/acid in the stomach breaks food down even more. The Digestive System • After a few hours, food moves into the small intestine, where the digestion process is completed. • The villi in the sm. intestine collect the nutrients to send them into the blood stream. • The small intestine is about 22 feet long! The Digestive System • Food that is not broken down will pass into the large intestine where it, along with other waste products, are expelled from the body. • The large intestine is wider than the small intestine, but only about 5 feet long. Other Important Organs… • Liver: produces bile, which breaks down fats into more easily digested particles. • Gallbladder: stores bile until it is needed. • Pancreas: produces fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and chemicals that help finish digestion. Digestive Health • To keep your digestive system working in a happy way, drink plenty of water and eat foods that are high in fiber – most fruits, veggies, and whole grains! The Human Body Systems The Excretory System The Excretory System • Function: removing wastes from the blood and the body. • Structures: liver, kidneys, nephrons, ureters, bladder, and urethra; sweat glands. The Excretory System • Blood is carried into the kidneys (most people have 2) to be filtered by the renal arteries. The blood contains ammonia/urea. • Each kidney has more than 1 million nephrons inside of it. These act as mini-filters to clean waste out of the blood. The Excretory System • When the urea is filtered, it combines with water to form urine. • The urine travels in tubes called ureters that connect the kidneys to the bladder. • The bladder stores the urine until it is full, and then pushes it through the urethra and out of the body. The Sweat Glands • We also get rid of excess materials when we sweat. • Our bodies have an amazing ability to maintain homeostasis – stable temperature – through sweating. • Heat and sweat are released from our bodies. The Human Body Systems The Skeletal System The Skeletal System • Function: provide support, protect internal organs, attachment site for muscles/help in movement. • Structures: bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. What are bones made of? • Periosteum: the thin outer surface that contains nerves and blood vessels. • Compact bone: smooth and hard; the part you see when you look at a skeleton. • Cancellous bone: looks like sponge but is very hard. What are bones made of? • Bone marrow: the innermost part of the bone; thick gel-like part that makes blood cells. • Calcium makes your bones so tough. Types of bones • Long bones: bones in your legs and arms. • Short bones: bones in your fingers and toes. • Flat bones: in your shoulders and hips. • Irregular bones: in your wrists and ankles. Types of joints • Bones are linked together at places called joints. • Hinge joint: allow back and forth movement, like a door. ▫ Elbows and knees • Ball and socket joint: allows circular movement, like a joystick. ▫ Shoulders and hips Types of joints • Fixed joints: these joints do not provide movement; your skull is made of several pieces of bone joined together by fixed joints. • Synovial fluid: liquid found in joints to help them move easily; like oil. Connective Tissue • Ligaments: holds bones together by attaching to each bone, almost like a rubber band. • Tendons: tough bands that hold muscles onto bones. • Cartilage: soft tissue in ears, nose, and at the end of bones when they form a joint. Did you know… • The human body has 206 bones? • Each hand has 27 bones and your feet each have 26 bones? • Your skull is made of 23 bones? The Human Body Systems Bones Your Core • The spine makes up your backbone and is called your vertebrae. ▫ There are 26 of these in total. ▫ They let you twist and bend, and hold your body upright. • Your rib cage consists of usually 12 pairs of ribs that are attached to your spine. The first 7 pairs also attach in the front to a bone called a sternum. Your Legs • At the base of your legs is your pelvis, which supports the spine and is made up mostly of your hip bones. • The large bones coming from your pelvis to your knee are your femurs. ▫ Longest bone in the body. Your Legs • A fancy word for your knee is the patella. • This connects your femur to two smaller bones that make up your lower leg: the tibia and fibula. Your Legs • These two bones connect to your ankle (sometimes called the tarsals), which connects it to the largest bone in your foot – the talus. • There are 52 bones in your feet and ankles combined! Your Arms • Just like your legs start at your hip bones, your arms begin at the shoulder bones. • The shoulder blade is called your scapula, and it is shaped like a triangle. • The upper arm bone, called the humerus, is connected to your scapula and your elbow. Your Arms • On the other side of your elbow are two smaller arm bones, called the radius and the ulna. • These two bones lead to the wrist, which is made up of 8 smaller bones that lead to your hand. ▫ Sometimes called the carpals • Do you know what scientists call your fingers (and toes)? ▫ Phallanges! Other bones • Clavicle: collarbone; connects the shoulder to the body. • Skull/Cranium: head • Mandible: the lower jaw bone. The Human Body Systems The Muscular System Other bones • Function: move the body • Structures: muscles and tendons. What are muscles made of? • All muscles are made up of elastic tissue that allows them to contract and expand. • Thousands of fibers make up each muscle. • You have over 600 muscles in your body! Types of Muscles • Smooth: usually in layers. ▫ Involuntary: you cannot control them. ▫ Stomach, heart, and eyes are a few examples. Your heart muscle is sometimes called the cardiac muscle, or the myocardium. Types of Muscles • Skeletal: appear striped because they have light and dark fibers making them up. • Voluntary muscles: you control when and how they move. • The skeletal muscles work with your bones to create the musculoskeletal system. The Human Body Systems Major Muscles Important Muscles… • Deltoid: move your shoulders • Pectoralis/pectorals: upper chest muscles • Abdominals: the muscles beneath your rib cage. • Obliques: the muscles on the sides of your stomach Important Muscles… • Bicep: the muscle seen when you flex your upper arm. • Tricep: the muscle found on the backside of your upper arm. Important Muscles… • Quadriceps: the muscles on the front of your thighs. • Hamstrings: on the back of your thigh; a good test of your flexibility! • Gastrocnemius: just a fancy way of saying your calf muscle (lower leg). The Human Body Systems The Nervous System The Nervous System • Function: controls just about everything you do! • Structures: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and neurons. The Nervous System • There are two major parts of the nervous system: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. • The CNS is the brain and spinal cord, and the PNS is the sensory organs and nerves. What are nerves? • Nerves are bundles of nerve cells, called neurons. • These neurons are made up of two parts: the axon and the dendrites. What are nerves? • Neurons are specialized and can send messages from one neuron to another until it reaches the brain. • In between these neurons are tiny gaps called synapses. Chemicals help the neurons pass the message along. What are nerves? • Sensory organs contain a receptor nerve cell to help them detect changes in the environment, such as vibrations in air (sound). The Spinal Cord • Bundle of nerves that connects the brain to the rest of the body. • Protected by the vertebrae. • The spinal cord runs down our back, and has spinal nerves coming out between our vertebrae. • It is only the width of a finger and about 43-45 cm long. The Human Body Systems The Brain The Brain • Our brain is like the boss of the body, while the rest of the nervous system helps it do its job. • The brain is very complex, but we will break it down into a few basic parts. The Cerebrum • The biggest part of the brain • 85% of its weight • The “thinking” part of the brain – holds your memory • Two parts: the left side (math, logic, and speech) and the right side (music, colors, and shapes) • Controls voluntary muscles The Cerebellum • Located at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum. • Controls balance, movement, and coordination. The Brain Stem • Connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord. • In charge of all of the functions you need to do to stay alive, like breathing, circulating blood, and digesting food. • Sorts and organizes all of the messages being sent to your brain. Pituitary Gland • Very small – about the size of a pea! • Produces and releases hormones to help you change and grow throughout your life. • Helps control your metabolism – which helps make sure your body has enough energy. The Hypothalamus • Remember how we said your body has the ability to maintain homeostasis, or constant temperature? • This is why! The hypothalamus knows your body needs to be around 98.6 F. • If you’re too hot, you sweat. When you’re too cold, you begin to shiver. The Amygdala • Scientists believe that these small bundles of nerves, which are located on both sides of your brain, control your emotions.