Download 2.01 Geographical Analysis of Population

2.01 Geographical Analysis of Population In this lesson, you learned that population growth occurs at different rates around the world. Governments and businesses rely on information provided by demographers to plan how resources and services should be used and distributed. You should recall the definition of population density and the different ways that population density is measured. Regions with high physiological density require careful planning to maximize limited land. Although each country is unique, several factors can be evaluated to predict population trends. Improvements in education often correlate with reduction in infant mortality and lower birth rates. You also learned how geographers construct cartograms and predict how population growth may affect the environment. Agricultural density The number of farmers per unit of arable land Arithmetic density The total land area (in square kilometers or square miles) divided by the number of people living there Demographic The statistical characteristics of human populations, such as age, income, race, or gender, used especially to identify markets Demography The scientific study of population characteristics Physiological density The number of people per unit of arable land Population density The number of people occupying an area of land 2.02 Population and Place In this lesson, you learned that there are many factors that increase the desirability of a place. Economic and cultural opportunities, access to health care, population density, and favorable climate contribute to a place’s desirability. You may recall the various advantages and disadvantages of living in densely populated regions versus sparsely populated regions. You should be able to explain how population density affects living conditions, giving specific examples from case studies. You should be able to use examples from Australia, Niger, and India to show how the human and physical features of place affect its desirability. Lastly, you should also be able to identify and locate the largest population clusters in the world and explain why population is high in those regions. Population distribution The arrangement of population on Earth 2.03 Population Statistics You may recall the meaning of various demographic measurements, including infant
mortality, crude birth and death rates, life expectancy, and literacy rate. You should be
able to read and interpret various demographic statistics and recognize patterns in
population trends. You may be able to accurately predict population trends by
considering the statistics and patterns. For example, increases in female literacy are often
followed by declines in fertility.
Think about some of the socioeconomic conditions that affect population trends. How do
these trends affect the destiny of a population or an individual in a given society? You
might point out that the level of education in a country influences how much money an
average citizen makes. In this way, the human characteristics of place shape one’s
destiny. Or you might argue that individuals may choose to move to take advantage of
better living conditions, or that a government might use population statistics to plan
necessary services for different segments of the society. In this way, people use their
knowledge of geography to make decisions.
Baby boom An increase in the birth rate Baby bust An decrease in the birth rate Crude birth rate (CBR) The average annual number of births per thousand people Crude death rate (CDR) The average number of deaths per thousand people GDP per capita Gross Domestic Product, or the market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year, divided by the number of people in that nation Gender empowerment Increased access to education and economic opportunities for women Infant mortality rate (IMR) The annual number of children who die before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births Life expectancy The average number of years an infant is expected to live Literacy rate Percent of the total population who can read and write Natural increase rate (NIR) The percentage by which a population grows in a year Total fertility rate (TFR) The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years Zero population growth A phenomenon where the population’s crude birth rate and crude death rate are the same, so the population neither grows nor declines 2.04 Population Pyramids
You should recall that geographers use population pyramids to track population statistics
for a given region, city, country, or other place. The pyramid shows the age-sex ratio in
cohorts of five years. Interpreting pyramids involves looking for patterns in the
population data by analyzing shape of the pyramid.
A perfectly triangular pyramid means that a population is growing rapidly, while a
rectangular-shaped pyramid indicates that population growth is slowing down. Knowing
the pace at which a population is growing helps governments make decisions about
policies and spending. For example, a rapidly growing population has a large number of
young people. This country’s government might then allocate more resources to
education, while a country with an older population might allocate more funds to health
care and social insurance.
In this lesson, you learned to read and interpret the information in population pyramids.
AP Exam writers may draft either a multiple-choice question or a free-response question
about population pyramids, and so it is important to be familiar with these diagrams so
that you can quickly interpret and analyze them to answer such questions. This lesson
provided you with the foundational skills you’ll need to successfully answer a population
pyramid question on the AP Exam.
Bulge Cohorts in the middle of a population pyramid that jut out farther than others; usually these bulges indicate a population boom Census A survey conducted every ten years in which demographic and economic data is collected from all members of the population Cohort A group of people banded together as one group Dependency ratio The percentage of children too young to work plus the percentage of people too old to work as compared to the percentage of the rest of the Gaps Cohorts in the middle of a population pyramid that are significantly shorter than the rest; these gaps might indicate an increase in deaths due to war or epidemic Population pyramid A double bar graph showing age and sex distribution of a place 2.05 Population Growth
You may recall that populations grow exponentially. Demographers calculate a country’s
doubling time by dividing 70 by the rate of growth. Such calculations enable societies to
predict future population statistics. You learned that societies are about whether they
have enough resources to support growing populations. Predicting growth trends allows
societies to anticipate future needs. In the late 18th century,
Thomas Malthus predicted that the rate of population growth would outstrip available
resources in Great Britain. His theories have been modified and challenged by neoMalthusians and Cornucopians.
You should also be able to explain that geographers create models to understand certain
phenomena. The demographic transition model provides a tool for evaluating the stages
of population growth.
Using the model, geographers categorize countries into their approximate stage of
growth. Studying population growth at local, regional, and global scales provides a strong
foundation for understanding the relationship between phenomena and places on Earth.
Agricultural Revolution A time when people began domesticating plants and animals for food purposes and depended less on hunting and gathering Arithmetical rate A rate that is a constant number added to a given number Cornucopians People who believe the future population growth will have neutral or positive consequences for much of the world Demographic transition model A model of four stages of economic development and population change that all countries of the world have experienced Doubling time The time needed to double a population Elevation A rate that is a percentage of a given number Natalist policies People who believe future population growth will have negative consequences for much of the world Overpopulation When a region or country does not have enough resources to meet the needs of its population 2.06 The Demographic Transition Model
Recall that many conditions can affect population growth. A high birth rate coupled with
a declining death rate leads to population growth. Unexpected conditions such as an
epidemic can interrupt population growth. Increased educational opportunities and
literacy for women may lead to a decline in the total fertility rate. Cultural values remain
an important factor in birth rates and fertility in nations such as Saudi Arabia.
You should identify the DTM as one tool geographers use to understand the relationship
between economic growth and demographics. Remember that while it is a useful tool for
prediction, conditions do not always fit the model. Several countries have not followed
the stages as described by Thompson. As a result, modifications to the DTM or new
models may be needed to fit changing conditions.
Negative population growth When a population declines over time, usually due to a higher mortality rate than birth rate, or due to migration out of the country 2.07 Population Policies and Trends
Governments in many countries have instituted policies that either discourage or encourage population growth. In countries with extremely large populations, like China and India, government officials have employed various methods, such as sterilization, increased access to abortions, and threatening harsh fines for more than one child, to limit the growth of the population. Singapore, on the other hand, established many anti-­‐natalist policies, only to find the policies have worked too well, and it must now find a way to encourage population growth. Population growth is an issue that matters to societies because extremely large populations put a strain on food and financial resources. Countries must have enough resources to sustain their current populations. Anti-­‐natalist policies Government policies that discourage the growth of population Natalist policies Government policies that encourage or discourage births Pro-­‐natalist policies Government policies that encourage the growth of population 2.08 Population and Natural Hazards Natural disasters can have a significant impact on population. For example, Hurricane
Katrina adversely affected the population of New Orleans and the entire Gulf region.
Thousands of people died as a result of the hurricane, and hundreds of thousands were
displaced. As a result, millions of people had to leave the Gulf region, which caused
population numbers to dwindle even further. Geographers work to pinpoint trends in
natural disaster-prone areas. They might use this data and compare it to the population
density and distribution in these areas. Then, geographers might study the impact of
natural disasters on human populations in these areas and work to find ways to minimize
the human destruction hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other disasters leave in
their wake.
In this lesson, you have learned that when considering natural disasters, location is a key
factor. Natural disasters occur in locations that are prone to certain natural hazards such
as fault lines, coastal locations, and floodplains. A second factor in determining the level
of disaster is population distribution and density. Loss of life and property is a
consequence of natural disasters, but in heavily populated areas the damage is often far
greater.
Aftershocks Earthquakes of lesser magnitude following a major earthquake Arable land Land suitable for cultivation Epicenter The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake Fault line A line where there are cracks in Earth’s crust, often at the edges of tectonic plates Floodplain Low lying ground next to a river or stream, often fertile and subject to flooding Silt Fertile soil deposited by river action Storm surge high water level brought about by a cyclone, hurricane, or typhoon that swamps low lying areas Tectonic plates Enormous sections of Earth’s crust that move over Earth’s magma Tsunami A sea wave caused by an earthquake Please email me for the module two password, we will discuss the module two material, the module two exam, and the first two assignments (3.01 and 3.02 ) for the module three DBA. So, please call me after you have completed reading and taking notes on lesson 3.02 Thanks!