Download The Protestant Reformation - Spring Grove Area School District

Welcome Back Bell Ringer

Partner up and
compare your critiques
of student FRQs.

Agenda and
Objective: Through
discussion students will
identify important
components of a FRQ
Welcome Back…Bell Ringer

Compare your thesis
statement with your
neighbor.

Agenda and
Objective: Through
notes and discussion
students will define
Protestantism and
identify the causes of
the Protestant
Reformation
Welcome Back…Bell Ringer

What root words to do
you see in the phrase
“Protestant
Reformation?”



PROTESTant
REFORMation
Agenda and Objective:
Through notes and
discussion students will
define Protestantism and
identify the causes of
the Protestant
Reformation
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Causes
Causes of the Reformation
I. Crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige
of the clergy
a. Babylonian Captivity, 14th century
b. Great Schism: 1377-1417
c. Conciliar Movement to reform the church and give a
church council more power than the pope was rejected by
several popes in the 15th and 16th century
Causes of the Reformation





II. Corruption in the
Catholic Church
a. simony: sale of church offices


For example, in 1487 the pope
sold 24 offices
Reformers were outraged that
unqualified people would become
bishops or cardinals.

b. pluralism: an official holding
more than one office at a time


c. absenteeism: an official not
participating in benefices but
receiving payment and privileges
d. sale of indulgences: people
paying money to the Church to
absolve their sins or sins of their
loved ones
e. nepotism: favoring family
members in the appointment of
Church offices
Two popes (Leo X and Clement VII)
were sons of Florentine Medici rulers
Pope Paul III made two of his
grandsons cardinals
Crisis of the church cont’d





f. Moral decline of the papacy
Pope Alexander VI (r. 14921503) had numerous affairs and
children out of wedlock
20% of all priests in the diocese
of Trent kept concubines during
the early 16th century
g. Clerical ignorance: many
priests were virtually illiterate
Some abused their power such as
trading sexual favors for the
absolution of sins during
confession.






III. Critics of the Church:
emphasized a personal
relationship with God as primary
a. John Wyclif (1329-1384),
England
Stated that the Bible was the sole
authority
Stressed personal communion
with God.
Diminished importance of
sacraments.
His followers—Lollards—
continued his ideas into the 16th
century.
Critics







b. John Hus (1369-1415),
Czech
Ideas were similar to Wyclif
Religious leader in Bohemia
He was burned at the stake
for his views
c. Brethren of the Common
Life: Thomas à Kempis
(1380-1471), The Imitation of
Christ (c. 1418)
Encouraged Christians to live
simply and make religion a
personal experience



d. Erasmus: In Praise of Folly
(1513)
Criticized the corruption in the
church and the hypocrisy of
the clergy
A contemporary remarked
that “Erasmus laid the egg
that Luther hatched.”
Causes



IV. Renaissance Humanism
a. Christian humanists of the
Northern Renaissance
criticized the church (e.g.
Erasmus) and questioned the
validity of the Latin Vulgate
(Catholic Bible)
Textual criticism and new
translations of the Bible
undermined Catholic authority
b. Ulrich Zwingli was trained as
a humanist and as a preacher
he used Erasmus’ edition of
the Greek New Testament
C. John Calvin was influenced
by humanism, especially the
writings of Erasmus
D. After Martin Luther’s
reformation, humanists turned
many monasteries into schools
Reading Activity!


Review: What are the four overreaching causes
of the Protestant Reformation?
Read documents regarding Tetzel’s selling of
indulgences.
Welcome Back


Bell Ringer…
Agenda and Objective:
Through readings and
discussion, students will
identify Luther’s issues
with the Catholic Church
as well as Pope Leo’s X’s
response to Luther.


What are the four
overreaching causes of
the Protestant
Reformation?
For Wednesday: be
prepared to discuss the
Peasant revolt in
regards to the
Reformation.
Welcome Back!



Bell Ringer:
1. What are the Four
causes of the
Protestant
Reformation?
2. Reading…why
criticize Tetzel?

Agenda and
Objective: Through
class notes, readings,
and discussion,
students will identify
Luther’s cause to break
with the Catholic
Church.
The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
Why “the Germanies?”
Martin Luther- (Pages 446-450, packet
reading)
Martin Luther….


Augustinian monk;
taught at the University
of Wittenberg in
Saxony
Johann Tetzel was
authorized by Pope Leo
X to sell indulgences.



Tetzel: “As soon as a
coin in the coffer rings,
the soul from purgatory
springs.”
The pope was looking
for additional revenues
to pay for the building
of St. Peter’s cathedral
in Rome.
Tetzel’s selling of
indulgences had become
egregious
95 THESIS…Reading

Luther criticized the
selling of indulgences
but went further than
others before him by
questioning the
scriptural authority of
the pope to grant
indulgences.


The printing press
facilitated the spread
of Luther’s work with
astonishing speed
Oct 31, 1517
Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545
The Spread of the Printing Press
theology of reform -review



Salvation could be
achieved through faith
alone
The Bible was the sole
authority
Only two
sacraments—baptism
and communion—
were valid



The church consisted of
a “priesthood of all
believers”
Encouraged German
princes to reform the
Church in their states.
Rejected Catholic
monastic tenets of
poverty, chastity and
obedience.
Comparison- Catholics



Salvation: Church law
Sacraments: 7
The Eucharist:
Transubstantiation
(bread and wine
become body and
blood)



Authority: Scripture,
Tradition, Pope
Church and State:
Ultimate allegiance to
the church. Pope has
ultimate authority
Clergy: Celibate.
Priest is middle man
between God and
People
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer #1

Bell Ringer: When the
coin in the coffer rings,
the soul from Purgatory
springs. This jingle was
most likely spoken by?:





Johannes Tetzel.
Martin Luther.
John Calvin.
John Knox.
Sir Thomas More
Bell Ringer #2



List three theological differences between Catholics
and reformers from your notes on Friday…
Agenda and Objective: Through class notes,
readings, and discussion, students will identify
Luther’s cause to break with the Catholic Church.
For Tomorrow: The Political Battle over
Lutheranism in Germany Pages 450-457
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer

Using your notes and Handout
answer the following question
in paragraph form. You have
10 minutes.


Identify the causes of the
Reformation, Luther’s issues with
the Catholic Church, and the
church’s response to Luther.
Agenda and Objective: 1.
Through homework review,
students will identify issues
between Luther and the Catholic
Church. 2. Through document
analysis students will identify
Luther’s beliefs towards the
German Peasant uprising. 3.
Students will begin a chart
comparing and contrasting Luther
and other Protestant Reformers.
Diet of Worms Activity…
challenges Church authority



1518, Luther defied the
pope by refusing to stop
his crusade.
He was protected by
Elector Frederick III
(“the Wise”) of Saxony.
At this point, Luther did
not seek to create a new
church but rather reform
the Catholic Church


took part in a debate
with Johann Eck (one of
the great Catholic
theologians) at Leipzig
in 1520
denied both the
infallibility of the pope
and the infallibility of a
general council
The Diet of Worms



excommunicated by
Pope Leo X in 1520
Charles demanded that
Luther recant his writings
Luther refused: “Here I
stand, I can do no
other”



Edict of Worms: Luther
outlawed as a heretic
by the HRE
Luther was kidnapped
by agents of Frederick
III and taken to his castle
where he was protected
1523 translated the
Bible into German
language.
Confessions of Augsburg (1530)



Written by Luther’s
friend, Philip
Melanchthon
This was an attempted
compromise statement of
religious faith to unite
Lutheran and Catholic
princes of the HRE
Rejected by Catholic
princes




Became traditional
statement of the
Lutheran Church
Salvation through faith
alone
Bible is the sole
authority
“Priesthood of all
believers”: Church
consists of entire
Christian community
Review! Confessions of Augsburg.




Salvation through faith
alone
Authority from Bible
“priesthood of all
believers”
Vocations have equal
merit with God.


Consubstantiation!
Christ is present but
not because of the
Priest.
Spread of Lutheranism

Many German princes were
politically motivated they could
now escape the authority of the
Catholic Church and confiscate
church lands for the state’s
benefit.


Denmark and Sweden became
Lutheran states as well
Lutheranism did not spread much
beyond northern Germany and
Scandinavia.
Bell Ringer!

What was Luther’s
argument against
Charles V’s insistence
that he recant?

Agenda and
Objective: Through
completing a chart
students will identify
major Protestant
Reformers.
Welcome Back!




Bell Ringer…
1. Give 5 tenets of
Luther’s Theology of
Reform
2. Compare reading
answers.
Monday- TEXTBOOK!

Agenda and
Objective: Through
notes, and reading
discussion students
Emperor Charles V


sought to stop Protestantism and
preserve the hegemony of
Catholicism
He was now allied with the pope
in trying to stamp out heresy



Charles was preoccupied with
the Turkish threat in Hungary and
his dynastic struggle with Francis I
of France.
Between 1521 & 1530 Charles
was away from the HRE, much of
the time spent in Italy
Thus, Charles could not focus
his military solely Germany at
a time that Protestantism was
spreading vigorously
Welcome Back! The Political Battle over
Lutheranism in Germany
Pages 450-457 and website

Bell Ringer: List 5 tenets
of Luther’s Theology of
Reform



For Thursday: Explain
the Peasant’s revolt and
Luther’s reaction to the
revolt.

Agenda and Objective:
Students will identify the
Split in Christianity and
Lutheranism by
1. Complete a graphic
organizer, identifying
differences between
Luther, Calvin, and the
Catholics. Reference
reading on Calvin
2. Complete Map on the
spread of Protestantism
in Europe
Welcome Back…bell Ringer
1. Explain the outcome of
the confessions of
Augsburg
th
 2. ___In the 15 century,
many clerics held more
than one benefice, a
practice known as
a. Pluralism
b. Simony
c. Investiture
d. Indulgence
e. Councilarism

3. ___The German
peasant’s revolt of 1525
greatly strengthened the
authority of
a. Parish priests
b. The laity within the church
c. The regular clergy
d. Lay rulers
e. The papacy

Agenda and Objective:

By completing a graphic organizer, students will be
able to identify the radical reformers of the
Protestant Reformation.
Welcome Back!

In partners, complete the P.O.V analyzing
documents activity on the Peasants revolt.
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
Why does Luther turn against his protestant followers and
side with the Nobility?
1. Spread of Lutheranism: Peasants’ War (1524-1525) or
German Peasants Revolt (Swabian Peasant uprising)




Twelve Articles,1525: peasants
demanded end of serfdom and
tithes, and other practices of
feudalism that oppressed the
peasantry (e.g. hunting rights)
Many of these peasants were
inspired by Luther
Ironically, Luther’s views on the
peasant movement were
somewhat conservative
While Luther advocated religious
reform (since God’s realm was
not a worldly one), he believed
that people should obey their
political authorities.
Luther may have sympathized with
some of the complaints of the
peasants, but he was disgusted
with the violence of the peasant
movement.
 Results: He admonished German
princes to violently stamp out the
revolt
 As many as 100,000 peasants
died during the uprising
 Both Catholic and Lutheran forces
took part in squashing the revolt.
2. Northern Germany



League of Schmalkalden,
1531
Formed by newly Protestant
(Lutheran) princes to defend
themselves against Charles V’s
drive to re-Catholicize
Germany.
Francis I of France allied with
the League (despite being
Catholic)




Habsburg-Valois Wars: five
wars between 1521 and
1555 between France and the
Habsburgs
France tried to keep
Germany divided (although
France was Catholic)
This conflict played an
important role in slowing the
unification of the German
states
Catholic unity in Germany
never again occurred
Outcome of League of Schmalkalden





Charles was finally victorious over
the League in 1547
However, by that time Lutheranism
had spread and taken hold in much
of Central Europe.
Charles by the 1550s was forced to
give up on restoring Catholicism in
all the German states in the empire.
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Temporarily ended the struggle in
Germany over Lutheranism
Provisions: Princes in Germany could
choose either Protestantism or
Catholicism (Cuius regio, eius religio)




Also, Protestants living in Catholic
states were allowed to move to
Protestant states. The same was true
of Catholics living in Protestant
states.
Resulted in permanent religious
division of Germany
Essentially reaffirmed the
independence of many German
states
This division stunted German
nationalism; Germany was not
unified as a state until 1871.
Anabaptists (1525)


Voluntary association
of believers with no
connection or
allegiance to any
state.
Rejected secular
agreements, refused to
take civil oaths, pay
taxes, hold public
office, or serve in the
military



Did not believe in
childhood baptism
As millenarians, they
believed the end of
the world was near.
Rejected the idea of
the Trinity
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
Long term impact…


Mennonites: founded
by Dutch leader Menno
Simmons became
descendants of
Anabaptists and
emphasized pacifism
Luther’s views on new
sects: did not believe in
the legitimacy of any
other faith except
mainstream
Protestantism


Quakers in England
shared similar beliefs;
thousands came to
America where they
founded and controlled
Pennsylvania, New
Jersey and Delaware
Unitarians (who reject
the trinity) also were
influenced by the
Anabaptists
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)


Student of humanism who
preached from Erasmus’
edition of the New Greek
Testament.
Like Luther, he believed
that the Bible should be the
sole authority regarding
religious practice


In contrast to Luther, he
saw the Eucharist as only
symbolic, and that Luther’s
view of the Real Presence
was too Catholic in its
foundation
This became the first
dispute among Protestants
dealing with issues of
doctrine.
John Calvin…article questions




Frenchman; studied to be
a priest and later trained
as a lawyer.
Influenced by humanism,
especially Erasmus
Exiled to Switzerland due
to his reform ideas
Institutes of the Christian
Religion (1536)



Predestination: “good
works” is not sufficient for
salvation and there is no
free will since God has
already made His
decision.
However, good works are
a sign that one has been
chosen for salvation.
God reveals if one has
been chosen for salvation
by a conversion
experience.
Calvin’s World in the 16th Century
Review…

Share with your neighbor one thing you learned
about Zwingli, Calvin, and the Anabaptists
Welcome Back…! Bell Ringer…



1. Who were the
Anabaptists? What
lasting impact did they
have on the
Reformation?
2. How was Zwingli’s
interpretation of
Protestantism different
from Luther’s?

Agenda and
Objectives: Through
notes and analyzing
primary sources,
students will be able to
identify causes of the
English Reformation
Tomorrow: Bring books!
Calvin Cont’d.


The “elect” are church
members who have had
their conversion
experience. They should
become model
Christians: “visible
saints”
established a theocracy
in Geneva by 1540
Geneva became home
to Protestant exiles from
England, Scotland, and
France, who later
returned to their
countries with Calvinist
ideas
 Consistory: A judiciary
made up of lay elders
(presbyters) had the power
to impose harsh
penalties for those who
did not follow God’s law

Last note: John Knox and the Others




Presbyterianism
established Scotland
Presbyters governed
the church
Became the dominant
religion in Scotland
Dutch Reformed
Church – United
Provinces of the
Netherlands.



Huguenots – French
Calvinists; brutally
suppressed in France
Especially strong
among the nobility
although Calvinism
saw converts from
every social class.
Puritans in England
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Essay for Friday…10/3


“Luther was both a revolutionary and a
conservative.” Evaluate this statement with respect
to Luther’s responses to the political and social
questions of his day.
Must be written in Pen.
Opening Paragraph with thesis…
Set the scene: locate the reader in time and space.
(Contextualization)
 X. However, A, B, C. Therefore, Y.
 X = Counterargument
 A, B, C = Strongest points in your favor
 Y = Your stand on the prompt
Example…


"During my senior year at Spring Grove High
School, I was very busy with AP classes and sports.
Although I played football and lacrosse as well as
taking AP English and AP Chemistry, I knew it would
increase my scholarship chances, help me be a
stronger writer, and I was able to sit next to a girl I
liked, so I stuck with AP European History."
Although X, A,B,C, therefore Y
Your turn…


Make a Thesis statement for the following
example…
Assess the Validity of the following statement: The
Pittsburgh Steelers are so much better than the
Philadelphia Eagles. (or Vice-Versa)
The Body Paragraphs…remember the
rule of three!


The body paragraphs include all of the information
that proves your thesis.
Each body paragraph relates to one of the subtopics.
By proving each subtopic, you will prove the thesis.
 The first body paragraph relates to the first subtopic, the
second body paragraph to the second subtopic and so on
and so forth. Keep things in order.


Body paragraphs consist of a topic sentence,
sentences with evidence and analysis, and a
concluding sentence.
General Tips


Do not use the first person (I, me)
Do not use the words “in my opinion” or “I believe”
 Instead,
simply state your points and prove them
Bell Ringer!

Which of the following northern Christian
humanist writers and their works are
paired INCORRECTLY?:
1 - Sir Thomas More - Utopia.
2 - Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote.
3 - Francois Rabaleis - The Handbook of
the Courtier.
4 - Desiderius Erasmus - In Praise of Folly.






A. 1 and 2

B. Only 3

C. 3 and 4

D. 1,2,4

E. 1,2,3,4

In Geneva, the Calvinists?:
A. were crushed by the Catholic troops of
the Holy Roman Emperor.
B. reformed the city with little opposition
from an enthusiastic populace.
C. imposed strict penalties for blasphemy
and immoral behavior.
D. withdrew the Ecclesiastical Ordinances
in 1541
E. saw their reforms jeopardized by the
execution of Savonarola.
Agenda and Objective

Through note and primary source review, students
will identify the causes of the English Reformation
and evaluate how each Monarch viewed churchstate relations under their reign.
The Tudors and the English
Reformation
1534 - 1603
Henry VIII
“Defender of the Faith”



In 1517, Luther
wrote his 95 Theses
Henry wrote the “In
Defense of the
Seven Sacraments”
refuting Luther’s
teachings
The Pope gave
Henry the title
“Defensor Fidei”
Questions about Marriage
Henry asked his
Chancellor, Cardinal
Wolsey to investigate
and see if there is
grounds for an
annulment of his
marriage to Catherine
“The King’s Great Matter”



Henry petitioned the Pope for an annulment of
his marriage to Catherine
Catherine insisted the marriage was valid and
that she had never been a “true wife” to Arthur
Catherine’s nephew Charles V, King of Spain
and Holy Roman Emperor, put pressure on the
Pope not to annul the marriage
A Solution?


A strong Lutheran
faction at court
included Anne Boleyn
and a university
professor named
Thomas Cranmer
Cranmer suggested to
Henry that the Pope
does not need to give
the annulment; that
English clergy can do it
The Split
1534 Parliament passes:
The
Act of Supremacy – the monarch
is the head the English Church
The Act of Succession – any children
Henry has by Anne are the heirs to the
throne (makes Mary, his daughter by
Catherine, illegitimate)
Welcome Back!


Bell Ringer: Read
documents 2.8 and 2.9,
answer questions
Monday’s reading: John
Knox (2.10) and the
Martyrdom of Thomas
Cranmer (2.11.) What
were their views of
Mary I’s Catholic
England?

Agenda and Objective:
Through readings and
notes, students will
identify how the English
monarchs view their
relationship between
King and Church during
the English Reformation.
The English
Church gives
Henry his
annulment; the
Princess Mary is
declared
illegitimate
Cranmer is named
Archbishop of
Canterbury
Henry’s Church of England:






Catholic in doctrine
Clergy required to be celibate
Mass remains the same
Only two sacraments
Henry allows an English translation of the
Bible
Catholics are arrested as traitors; Lutherans
are arrested as heretics
In 1535, Parliament
ordered the execution of
Sir Thomas More for
refusing to sign the Act
of Supremacy. More
had been Henry’s close
friend, Chancellor of
England, and was a
well known humanist
and author of Utopia.
The Catholic Church
canonized him.
Dissolution of the Monasteries




Henry began closing
monasteries in 1536
By 1540, 563 had
been closed
Most of the land
was sold to nobility
and gentry
This gained their
support for the
Reformation
The Pilgrimage of Grace




Led by Northern Catholics
Goal was to re-establish the Catholic Church
Was violently put down and its leaders
executed as traitors
By 1537 the Reformation was accepted by
most of the English
Protestant Reforms under Henry



“The Great Bible” – English translation. Henry
mandates that every church should have a
copy that anyone can read.
“The King’s Book” – defines Anglican doctrine
and practice
In 1544, Henry asked Archbishop Cranmer to
prepare an English worship service – this will
become the Book of Common Prayer
Accomplishments of Henry VIII






Founder of Church of England
Promoted Parliament as the lawmaking body
of England
Patronized the arts and literature
Updated many governmental institutions
Promotes men of ability
“Father of the English Navy”
Review!

Name three accomplishments of Henry VIII.
Henry’s Act of Succession




Edward inherits the throne
If Edward dies without children, then Mary
inherits
If Mary dies without children, Elizabeth
inherits
If Elizabeth dies without children, then the
children of Henry VII’s daughter (His sister)
Mary (Francis Brandon and her daughters)
inherit.
King Edward VI
Edward was a Protestant and influenced by the
teachings of John Calvin
Act of Uniformity of 1549


Establishes a Protestant Church in England
All religious services are to be held in English
Archbishop Cranmer’s accomplishments:


The Book of Common
Prayer 1552 –
Protestant worship
42 Articles of Faith –
no Mass, 2
sacraments,
Protestant doctrine,
non-celibate clergy
The result –
a “moderate
Protestantism”
Before his death he
changed his father’s
Act of Succession to
make his Protestant
cousin Jane Grey, the
grand-daughter of
Henry’s sister Mary,
heir to the throne
Reading Activity: Bell Ringer


Yesterday’s reading: John Knox (2.10) and the
Martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer (2.11.) What were
their views of Mary I’s Catholic England?
Agenda and Objective: Through notes and
readings, students will identify reason’s behind
Elizabeth I’s arrest, calls for execution, and issues
facing her after she ascends the throne in England.
Looking ahead… this week


Tuesday and Wednesday: Video clip on English
Reformation
Thursday and Friday: Prepare to discuss the Catholic
Counter Reformation. Reformation Roundtable
assignment

Wednesday after break: Reformation Roundtable

Friday: Multiple choice test/ study guide due
For Wednesday! In your textbook
(Quiz?)

Read and come
prepared to discuss
the Catholic
Reformation (ex.
Reformed Papacy,
Council of Trent, New
Religious orders)

And religious violence
(French Wars of
Religion, Charles V
and the Netherlands,
Witch Hunts!)
Mary I



Immediately passed
laws which reinstated
the Catholic Church
Persecuted Protestants
– many fled to
Switzerland or the
Netherlands
Executed many
Protestant bishops,
including Archbishop
Thomas Cranmer
The execution of over 300 Protestants during
her reign earned Mary the title of
Bloody Mary
However, she executed many fewer religious
dissenters than were regularly being killed on
the Continent




Mary married her cousin
Philip II of Spain
Involved England in Spain’s
wars
Last English possessions on
the continent were lost as a
result of Philip’s wars’ including Calais
This was very unpopular
with the English people
who began to see being
Protestant as being antiSpain


Mary died in 1558 and
Elizabeth, the daughter of
Anne Boleyn, became
Queen
Mary had not wanted to
leave the throne to her
Protestant sister and
attempted to persuade
Elizabeth to maintain the
Catholic faith – but
Elizabeth refused
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth and Religion




It is not known what Elizabeth’s personal religious
views were
The Catholic Church considered the marriage of
Elizabeth’s parents invalid and Elizabeth to be
illegitimate
She was raised a Protestant
She liked the ritual of the Catholic Church
Elizabeth was first and foremost a
Politique
A ruler who put good government and peace in the
realm above personal religious beliefs and national
religious conformity
The Elizabethan Settlement




Act of Supremacy of 1559 – re-established the Church of
England and said the monarch is the Supreme Governor of the
Church
Act of Uniformity – everyone had to worship in Anglican
churches
Elizabeth allowed some Catholic practices to continue –
vestments, Real Presence, Elevation of the Consecrated Host,
music, candles on the altar
Puritans disapproved of these “Catholic” practices, but in the
shires most people approved of them
“I will make no windows
into men’s souls” –
people could believe
what they wanted in
private
“Regnans in Excelsis”



Papal Bull in 1570 that excommunicated Elizabeth
Encouraged her Catholic subjects to rebel against
her
Led to Catholicism being declared illegal in England
and practicing Catholics considered as traitors


In general, Elizabeth
was able to steer a
middle course between
Catholics and
Protestants
Fewer people were
executed for religious
reasons in England than
on the Continent
The English Reformation




Established the Anglican Church – a via media
(middle way) between Catholicism and
Protestantism
Was relatively peaceful and well accepted by the
English people
Did not lead to Civil War
England was largely uninvolved in the religious wars
that took place on the European continent
Welcome Back!



Bell Ringer…
Review: Who served
on the throne for only
9 days?
Video review: What
was imperative that
Elizabeth do after
ascending the throne?

Agenda and objective:
Through note and
video review, students
will identify
differences between
English Monarchs in
regard to the English
Reformation.
For Wednesday: Mary, Queen of Scots

Review: Who was
Mary, Queen of Scots
and why was she a
threat to Elizabeth’s
throne?
Review!

identify the differences within the Tudor family in
regards to the Protestant Reformation.
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer..


Reformation Packet #3: Read all three documents
and summarize in your own words.
Agenda and Objectives: Through notes and
discussion, students will identify the differences
within the Tudor family in regards to the Protestant
Reformation.
Welcome Back!


Bell Ringer: practice
questions
Reminder: Council on
Wednesday, Test and
essay due on Friday.

Agenda and
Objective: through
primary source review
and notes, students will
identify key
components of the
Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”)

The Catholic Reformation
was both a response to the
gains of Protestantism and
the response to critics within
the church that abuses
needed to be reformed.


Pope Paul III (1534-1549):
Most important pope in
reforming the Church and
challenging Protestantism
sought to improve church
discipline through existing
doctrine.
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”)





Council of Trent (3 sessions
1545-1563): established
Catholic dogma for the next
four centuries
Equal validity of Scripture,
Church traditions, and writings
of Church fathers
Salvation by both “good
works” and faith
All 7 sacraments valid
Monasticism, celibacy of
clergy, and purgatory
reaffirmed


Approved the Index of
Forbidden Books
Church reforms: abuses in sale
of indulgences curtailed, sale
of church offices curtailed,
bishops given greater control
over clergy, seminaries
established to train priests
New Religious Orders: The counterReformation




Jesuits (Society of
Jesus) (1540)
reform the church
through education
spread the Gospel to
pagan peoples
fight Protestantism




Ignatius Loyola (14911556): founder
Jesuits were organized
in military fashion
Spiritual Exercises:
Loyola’s guidebook that
was used to train Jesuits
Beginning in 1542, the
Jesuits oversaw both the
Spanish and Italian
Inquisitions
Baroque Art


Began in Catholic Reformation
countries to teach in a concrete
and emotional way and
demonstrate the glory and
power of the Catholic Church
Sought to overwhelm the viewer:
Emphasized grandeur, emotion,
movement, spaciousness and unity
surrounding a certain theme


Baroque architecture reflected
the image and power of absolute
monarchs and the Catholic
Church
Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1650)
personified baroque architecture
and sculpture
Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci
Trevi Fountain, Rome
The Ecstasy of St. Theresa
The Religious Wars.
Results of Reformation?



The unity of Western
Christianity was shattered.
Northern Europe
(Scandinavia, England,
much of Germany, parts
of France, Switzerland, &
Scotland) adopted
Protestantism.
Religious enthusiasm was
rekindled – similar
enthusiasm not seen since
far back into the Middle
Ages.


Abuses in the RCC
remedied: simony,
pluralism, immoral or
badly educated clergy
were considerably
remedied by the 17th
century.
Religious wars broke out in
Europe for well over a
century.
More Review!
Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: Study
for quiz!

Agenda and
Objective: Through
notes and primary
source review,
students will identify
key components of
the Catholic
Reformation.
Partner Activity


Review with your neighbor primary source questions
concerning the reformers of the Catholic
Reformation.
Similarities? Differences?
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”)

The Catholic Reformation
was both a response to the
gains of Protestantism and
the response to critics within
the church that abuses
needed to be reformed.


Pope Paul III (1534-1549):
Most important pope in
reforming the Church and
challenging Protestantism
sought to improve church
discipline through existing
doctrine.
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”)





Council of Trent (3 sessions
1545-1563): established
Catholic dogma for the next
four centuries
Equal validity of Scripture,
Church traditions, and writings
of Church fathers
Salvation by both “good
works” and faith
All 7 sacraments valid
Monasticism, celibacy of
clergy, and purgatory
reaffirmed


Approved the Index
of Forbidden Books
Church reforms:
abuses in sale of
indulgences curtailed,
sale of church offices
curtailed, bishops
given greater control
over clergy,
seminaries established
to train priests
Welcome Back! Reminder!



Reformation Roundtable Thursday!
Test and study guide Friday!
Bell Ringer: What were the four outcomes from the
Council of Trent?
The Roman Inquisition

Pope Paul III ordered the Inquisition in 1542.
 Initially

designed to purge Protestants from Italy
There were 3 Inquisitions
 Medieval
1231
 Spanish 1478
 Roman 1542
The Roman Inquisition

Pope Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa—headed the
inquisition for Paul III)
Censorship & Forbidden books.
 Invented the “ghetto”, ordering Jews
living in the Papal States to reside in
specific neighborhoods, which they could
leave only at certain times..



Issued a bull in 1555 stating the Jews were to
blame for the death of Jesus Christ, and
therefore should be slaves.
In most of Catholic Europe Jews had to wear
yellow caps, could not own land, and were
excluded from most professions.
New Religious Orders: The counterReformation




Jesuits (Society of
Jesus) (1540)
reform the church
through education
spread the Gospel to
pagan peoples
fight Protestantism




Ignatius Loyola (14911556): founder
Jesuits were organized
in military fashion
Spiritual Exercises:
Loyola’s guidebook that
was used to train Jesuits
Beginning in 1542, the
Jesuits oversaw both the
Spanish and Italian
Inquisitions
Baroque Art


Began in Catholic
Reformation countries to
teach in a concrete and
emotional way and
demonstrate the glory
and power of the
Catholic Church
Sought to overwhelm the
viewer: Emphasized
grandeur, emotion,
movement, spaciousness
and unity surrounding a
certain theme


Baroque architecture
reflected the image
and power of absolute
monarchs and the
Catholic Church
Lorenzo Bernini
(1598-1650)
personified baroque
architecture and
sculpture
Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci
Trevi Fountain, Rome
The Ecstasy of St. Theresa
The Religious Wars.
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
1562-1598
The Setting:
Henry II
Henry II



1559 Henry II is unexpectedly killed when a lance
pierced his visor during a joust
Francis II - His 15 yr old son takes the throne
Under the regency of his mother Queen Catherine
de Medici
The
Setting:
Catherine
de Medici
The Setting: “Boy Kings”
Francis II 1559-60,
(born 1544)
Charles IX, 1560-74
(born 1550)
Henry III, 1574-89
(born 1551)
The Setting: “Boy Kings”
Francis II 1559-60,
(born 1544)
Guises vs.
Bourbons
Lacking a strong King,
French politics becomes
a power struggle
between 2 aristocratic
factions: Guise and the
Bourbon
Welcome back!

Bell Ringer: Share with
your neighbor the
reforms the Catholic
Church implemented to
help stop the Spread
of Lutheranism and
retain Catholic
membership

Objectives: Through
discussion students will
understand the
outcomes of the
religious wars of the
15th century.
French Nobility takes advantage of
this monarchial weakness.


In the second half of 1500’s between 2/5’s and ½
of nobility became Calvinist.
For the upper class religion was an excuse to grab
for power.
Add to the
Mix: Religion
Huguenots =
French Calvinists
Guises = Catholic
Bourbons = Huguenot
Powerful Guise Influence
The Duke of
Guise’s niece,
Mary Queen of
Scots, marries
the young King
Francis II.
Wants a
Catholic
France but not
one controlled
by the Guises
Dies of an Ear Infection!
Francis II 1559-60,
(born 1544)
The Setting: “Boy Kings”
Charles IX, 1560-74
(born 1550)
Huguenot Influence Grows
King Charles IX falls
under the influence
of Huguenot leader
Admiral Coligny, and
his sister plans to
marry another
Huguenot leader,
Henri of Navarre.
Coligny: Let’s help the Netherlands!
This Huguenot leader
wants to support the
protestants in the
Netherlands. But this
support would put
France on a crash
course with Spain.
Works with
the Guises to
assassinate
Coligny
Coligny survives
Catherine convinces
Charles that a
Huguenot retaliation
is imminent
St.
Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre,
24 August 1572
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre




Wedding of Henry of Navarre to daughter of
Catherine de Medici
Admiral Coligny & 3,000 Huguenots slaughtered
3 days 20,000 Huguenots dead
Significance – reformation is now a struggle to the
death for sheer survival against a cruel adversary.
At the popular level the conflict was
religious





Catholic Priests and Protestant Pastors encourage
violence
Mobs attacked those of other religion
Calvinists destroy Catholic statues in churches
Catholics torture Huguenots
You don’t slaughter for a King
Reading activity



Read the personal account of the massacre given to
you and answer questions
Answer questions provided
Share your viewpoint with group.
Class questions:




1. can you tell the writers’ religion?
2. Could have there been a compromise?
“I would prefer to lose all my dominions and a
hundred lives if I had them rather than be lord over
heretics” King Philip II
“The worst thing in the world.” Clement VIII referring
to having a “liberty of conscience.”
War of the Three Henrys
Henry of Guise
Henry III
Henry of Navarre
Catholic League rules Paris


King Henry III tries to destroy the league with a
surprise attack but fails in 1588
Henry III assassinates Henry of Guise
Assassination of Henri of Guise
Henri of
Navarre
becomes Henri
IV, the politique
“Paris is worth a Mass.”
Peter Paul Rubens, Triumphal Entry of Henri IV into Paris
Edict of Nantes, 1598
Edict of Nantes, 1598
• Gave well over 1 million Huguenots
• Freedom of public worship
• The right of assembly
• Admission to public offices and
universities
• Permission to maintain fortified towns
• Significance – created a state within a state.
This problem would not be solved until
Louis XIV
Results of Reformation




The unity of Western
Christianity was shattered.
Northern Europe
(Scandinavia, England,
much of Germany, parts
of France, Switzerland, &
Scotland) adopted
Protestantism.
Religious enthusiasm was
rekindled – similar
enthusiasm not seen since
far back into the Middle
Ages.

Abuses in the RCC
remedied: simony,
pluralism, immoral or
badly educated clergy
were considerably
remedied by the 17th
century.
Religious wars broke
out in Europe for well
over a century.
More Review!