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Tourism Revision
Paper 2 – Human Geography
Question 6
What do you need to know?
1. The global growth of tourism has seen the
exploitation of a range of different environments
for holidaymakers.
(0:52)
2. Effective management strategies are the key to
the continuing prosperity of tourist areas in the
UK.
(9:19)
3. Mass tourism has advantages for an area but
strategies need to be in place to reduce the
likelihood of long-term damage.
(21:32)
What do you need to know?
4. Extreme environments are susceptible to
environmental damage from the development of
tourism.
(28:38)
5. Sustainability requires the development of
ecotourism.
(35:04)
1. The global growth of tourism has
seen the exploitation of a range of
different environments for
holidaymakers.
Tourism
Tourism: the industry that allows people
to travel to new destinations for the
purpose of pleasure.
Tourist: a person that
travels to a new
destination for the
purpose of pleasure.
Growth in Tourism
Region
2006
2010
% change
Africa
50million
49million
-2%
Americas
136million
151million
+11%
Asia & Pacific
168million
204million
+21.4%
Europe
461million
471million
+2.2%
41million
60million
+46.3%
856million
935million
+9.2%
Middle East
World
Why?
Transport has
improved
Why?
People have
more
disposable
income
Why?
People have
more holidays
from work
Why?
Expansion in
holiday choice
Why?
People have a
wonder about
the world due
to media.
Tourist Attractions
People area attracted to mountains, cities
and coasts. You need to be to identify the
human and physical attractions that draw
tourists to these locations.
Coasts
People are attracted to coastal areas by
the beaches and activities like swimming,
snorkelling, fishing and water skiing.
Popular destination include Spain, the
Caribbean and Thailand.
Mountains
People are attracted to mountain areas by
the beautiful scenery and activities like
walking, climbing, skiing and snow
boarding. Popular destination include the
Alps, the Dolomites and the Rockies.
Cities
People are attracted to cities by the
culture (museums and art galleries),
entertainment (bars, restaurants,
theatres) and shopping. Popular
destinations include London, New York,
Paris and Rome.
Exam Question
On Figure 17a and
Figure 17b, label one
physical feature and one
human feature tourists
would visit the area to
see.
Exam Question
Exam Question
Economic Importance
Tourism is becoming increasingly more
important to country’s economies.
France has had more tourists than any other
country for many years.
The USA earns more than any other country
from tourism.
Poorer countries want to take advantages of
the benefits tourism can bring.
Key word
GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product.
This means how
much money a
country earns in a
year.
Economic Importance
The percentage of income that comes from
tourism differs greatly between rich and
poor countries.
Rich countries have a much smaller
percentage of their GDP coming from
tourism than poor countries. For example
3% of the United Arab Emirates’ GDP (a
rich country) comes from tourism where
as 80% of Barbados’ GDP comes from
tourism.
Economic Benefits
• 11% of all global earnings are from tourism, around £258 billion
pounds.
• Over 200 million people are employed in the tourist industry.
• A larger percentage of people in poor countries are employed to
serve tourists
• Generates employment in the service sector e.g. In restaurants,
tour guides, hotels etc.
• Extra jobs are created indirectly, for example when hotels buy
produce from local supplier to feed tourists.
• The money from tourism has helped to pay for much-needed
developments throughout poor countries including improving
roads, the airports and the water supply.
• Tourism income may help to conserve natural landscapes, wildlife
and cultural heritage.
• Governments in both rich and poor countries often tax tourists
to help pay for extra services.
2. Effective management strategies are
the key to the continuing prosperity
of tourist areas in the UK.
Growth of UK tourism
Almost all UK tourism used to be
domestic (British people going on holiday
in the UK). Only the very wealthy went
abroad.
Domestic tourism grew very quickly in the
1950’s and 1960’s. After the 1970’s, as
overseas tourism became more
affordable, more and more people went
abroad on holiday.
Growth of UK tourism
Tourism and the UK economy
• 32 million overseas visitors to Britain in 2008.
• The UK is popular because of its countryside,
historic landmarks, famous churches and
cathedrals and it’s castles and palaces.
• London is particularly popular for its museums,
theatres and shopping with half of all visitors
to the UK staying in London.
• In 2007, tourism
contributed £114billion
to the economy and
employed 1.4milion people.
External factors affecting
tourism
Epidemic: Serious outbreak of a disease.
Terrorism: A group of people that attack
an area to send a message.
Exchange Rates: How much money is
worth in different countries.
Media Coverage: Sending media messages
on internet, on TV.
Economy: how rich or poor a country is.
External factors affecting
tourism
Butler tourist life-cycle model
Stage 1
Exploration - a small number of tourists
visit the area. The area is unspoilt and
few tourist facilities exist.
In Blackpool in the 1780’s
the main attraction was the
sea or walking along the sea
front to ‘take in the air’
Stage 2
Involvement - local people start to
provide some facilities for tourists. There
starts to become a recognised tourist
season.
In Blackpool, the first holiday
cottages were built by a local
businessman in 1819
Stage 3
Development - the host country starts to
develop and advertise the area. The area
becomes recognised as a tourist
destination.
In Blackpool, the Central Pier
opened in 1870 with open-air
dancing.
Stage 4
Consolidation - the area continues to
attract tourists. The growth in tourist
numbers may not be a fast as before.
Some tensions develop between the locals
and the tourists.
In Blackpool, between 1878 and 1904,
the Winter Gardens (a ballroom),
Blackpool Tower, South Pier, Empire
Theatre, a new railway station and The
Pleasure Beach were all opened.
Stage 5
Stagnation - the facilities for the
tourists may decline as they become old
and run down. The numbers of tourists
may decline too.
During this time, some rides in the
Pleasure Beach were closed as they
were unsafe, they were demolished
and newer rides were put in their
place.
Stage 6
Decline - if the resort is not rejuvenated
(stage 6) then it will go into decline.
People lose their jobs related to tourism.
The image of the area suffers.
The amount of money that
Blackpool was creating had
declined from £800m to £500m (in
2004 prices) – this meant some
hotels closed.
Stage 6
Rejuvenation - investment and
modernisation may occur which leads to
improvements and visitor numbers may
increase again.
In 2003 a rejuvenation project
was started to increase visitor
numbers by creating new jobs,
retail and entertainment
complexes and redeveloping
run down sites. By 2004 visitor
numbers had increased to 11
million.
Blackpool Rejuvenation
- Developing a wider range of attractions
including those indoors
- Concentrating on the up market end of
the tourist trade
- Building conference centres
- Improving the image of the resort
Blackpool Rejuvenation
Blackpool Rejuvenation
3. Mass tourism has advantages for an
area but strategies need to be in
place to reduce the likelihood of
long-term damage.
Mass Tourism
Involves large
numbers of
tourists going to
one destination,
there is usually a
particular purpose
or type of
location.
Advantages
New leisure facilities
may be open to local
people.
The economy benefits
from tourism through
taxation, the creation
of jobs and spending
money in shops, hotels
and attractions.
Tourism brings jobs. People who
previously survived on subsistence
agriculture or day labouring gain
regular work with a more reliable
wage.
New infrastructure must be put
in place for tourists – airports,
hotels, power supplies, roads and
telecommunications. These all
benefit the local people.
Construction jobs often go to
local people, but they are only
temporary.
Disadvantages
The activity may be seasonal –
skiing only happens in the
winter. Local people may find
themselves out of work for
the rest of the year.
New construction can damage
the environment and cause
pollution.
Lower and middle income
customers are the target
market – this type of tourism
does not appeal to wealthier
groups of people.
New building developments
need land. Local farmers may
be tempted to sell their land,
which reduces local food
production.
Tourists can be narrowminded and often prefer
familiar food, so much is
imported rather than locally
produced.
Culture clashes may occur and
tourism can lead to problems
with drugs and alcohol. Sex
tourism is a problem in some
areas.
Kenya
1. Beach holidays
2. Safari holidays
Video
YouTube
Travel Guide
to Kenya
Positive Impacts
- Tourism contributes 15% of Kenya’s GDP.
- 219,000 people work in the tourism
industry.
- The culture of the Maasai tribe are
protected and preserved because they are
displayed for tourists
- 23 National Parks have been set up which
tourists must pay to get into, this money is
used to protect the environment and
wildlife.
Negative Impacts
- Only 15% of money earned through tourism
goes to locals.
- Some Maasai tribes were forced off their
land to create National Parks.
- Some local people are offended by the way
tourists dress.
- Safari vehicles destroy vegetation and
erode soil.
- Wild animals have changed their behaviour
- Coral reefs have been damaged by boats.
Video
YouTube
Stacey Dooley
Kenya
Management
Management
Management
4. Extreme environments are
susceptible to environmental damage
from the development of tourism.
Extreme Tourism
Involves dangerous landscapes often with
a difficult climate, and remote places that
are sparsely populated or not occupied ta
all.
Target Market
Adventure tourists look for physical
challenge and risks. They are often
around 30 years old, unmarried and
without children, have high powered jobs
and a good income.
Antarctica
Small scale tourism stared in the 1950s to
Antarctica. With over 30,000 people
visiting in 2013.
Video
YouTube
Antarctica
National
Geographic
Traveller
Why?
Impacts
Because of the cold climate and fragility
of the ecosystems – the Antarctic takes a
long time to recover.
1. Tourists can disturb the wildlife’s
natural behaviour.
2. Tourists could introduce non native
species or diseases that could wipe out
existing species.
3. Spillage of fuel/sewage can damage the
marine environment.
Management
There are two measures in place to
protect the Antarctic.
1. The Antarctic Treaty
2. The International Association of
Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO)
The Antarctic Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty is an international agreement that
came into force in 1961 and 47 countries have signed and
agreed to protecting and conserving the area and its plant
and animal life.
The initial treaty promised to:
• demilitarize Antarctica,
• establish it as a zone free of nuclear tests and the
disposal of
radioactive waste,
• ensure that it is used for peaceful purposes only;
• promote international scientific cooperation in Antarctica
In 2009 limits were put in place, so that ships were ewer
than 500 people could land and only 100 passengers are
allowed on shore at a time.
The International Association
of Antarctic Tour Operators
The code is voluntary, but most operators in the area do stick to it. It
details certain rules including:
• Specifically protected areas that are off limits to tourists, for example
penguin breeding grounds.
• Wildlife must not be disturbed when being observed, for example when
whale watching, boats should approach slowly and keep their distance.
• Nothing can be left behind by tourists and there must be no smoking at
any time during shore landings; to reduce litter potential.
• Tourists must be supervised by a qualified guide at all times and stay in
their group. This prevents people from entering no-go areas or
disturbing wildlife.
• Tourists must not walk on fragile plant life and are briefed on this prior
to a shore landing.
• Sewage must be treated biologically and other waste must be stored on
board the ships and not dumped into the cold Antarctic waters were it
would not decompose.
5. Sustainability requires the
development of ecotourism.
Stewardship and Conservation
Stewardship
Having responsibility
for the environment.
Conservation
Doing something to
protect the
environment or
wildlife.
Ecotourism
Ecotourism is environmentally friend
tourism is ensures that:
1. There is minimal impact on the
environment
2. people learn about the environment and
other cultures
3. local people benefit from the tourism.
Case Study
Footsteps Eco Lodge in the Gambia
Video
YouTube
This is how a
responsible lodge
should be
Eco Lodge Features
There are only has 9 accommodation huts
which keep the amount of visitors to the
area low. They are made of local wood and
materials and employed local craftsmen to
build them.
Eco Lodge Features
Renewable energy sources (wind turbines
and solar panels) are used to generate
electricity. The freezer onsite is purely
powered by solar energy.
Eco Lodge Features
Water in the swimming pool is filtered
naturally – there are no chemicals at all.
Eco Lodge Features
There is a vegetable garden; all the salad,
vegetables and herbs required by the
lodge are grown there. Waste water from
the sinks is used to water the plants. The
toilets are composting toilets – this means
that the waste is
used as compost
once any harmful
substances have
been removed.
Eco Lodge Features
All 22 jobs in the lodge are taken up by
local people from the nearest village –
Gunjar. They are paid all year round and
get medical and dental care as a benefit.
Eco Lodge Features
Tourists get an authentic experience of
the place they are visiting and experience
West African culture. There is plenty of
entertainment for
tourists for
example the local
people to teach
tourists how to
make local products
e.g. tie dye
Tourism Revision
Paper 2 – Human Geography
Question 6