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Chapter 1 SOCIOLOGY: PERSPECTIVE AND THEORY 1 Sociology: Perspective and Theory Learning Objectives 2 “Sociology shows us the power of society to guide all our life decisions in much the same way that the seasons influence our choice of clothing.” 3 The Sociological Perspective: What Is…? LO 1.1: Explain how the sociological perspective differs from common sense. 4 The Sociological Perspective 5 How does the power of society guide marriage partner selection? Stay tuned! We will revisit this topic at the end of the chapter. 6 How does the power of society influence private decisions throughout the world? Is childbearing simply a matter of personal choice? 7 The Sociological Perspective: Durkheim's Study of Suicide 8 The Sociological Perspective: Contemporary Suicide Statistics A century later Durkheim's analysis hold true. Suicide rates are higher for white people than they are for black people and Hispanic people. Within each category, suicide rates are higher for men than for women. Rates indicate the number of deaths by suicide for every 100,000 people in each category for 2010. 9 What situations help people see clearly how society shapes individual lives? Seeing sociologically • Marginality; living on the edge • Social crisis; turning personal problems into public issues 10 What is the sociological imagination? • Society, not people, is main cause of poverty and other social problems. C. Wright Mills • By turning personal problems into public issues, the sociological imagination is the key to bringing people together to create needed change. 11 The Importance of a Global Perspective: What Is…? LO 1.2: State several reasons that a global perspective is important in today’s world. 12 In what way can nations be categorized by their level of economic development? Country categories Low-income • Nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor • Forty-nine nations include most of Africa and part of Asia Middle-income • Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole • Seventy-two nations include many of the countries of Eastern Europe, some of Africa, and almost all of Latin America and Asia High-income • Nations with the highest overall standards of living • Seventy-four countries include the U.S. and Canada, Argentina, the nations of Western Europe, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and Australia 13 Why is it important to study comparisons between the U.S. and other nations? 14 Importance of a Global Perspective “In sum, in an increasingly interconnected world, weWhat can understand our way of life of and ourselves then are the benefits applying only to the that we understand others and theextent sociological perspective? the societies in which they live.” 15 Applying the Sociological Perspective • Sociology guides many of our life-shaping laws and policies. Usefulness of applying the sociological perspective • Using a sociological perspective leads to important personal growth and awareness. • Studying sociology aids in the preparation for the world of work. LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. 16 Applying the Sociological Perspective: Sociology and Public Policy 17 Applying the Sociological Perspective: Sociology and Personal Growth The sociological perspective • Helps us assess truth of common sense • Helps us see opportunities and constraints • Empowers us to be active participants in society • Helps us live in a diverse world 18 Applying the Sociological Perspective: Careers The “sociological advantage” Sociology is excellent preparation for jobs in dozens of diverse fields (American Sociological Association, 2002, 2011a, 2011b). 19 Origins of Sociology What are the origins? • The birth of sociology was itself the result of powerful social forces. • Let's take a closer look at some of these forces. LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. 20 What kinds of social change were especially important in the development of sociology? 21 Social Change and Sociology: A New Industrial Economy Middle Ages: • Farming and small-scale manufacturing End of Eighteenth Century • New energy sources • Large, anonymous work forces • Large scale production; movement of system of production • Weakening of community influence 22 Social Change and Sociology: Growth of Cities Urban migrant problems: Pollution, crimes, and homelessness Enclosure movement: Reduction in tenet access and movement to city 23 Social Change and Sociology: Political Change Middle Ages: Society is an expression of God's will Shift to selfinterest: Personal liberty and individual rights Gradual attack of tradition: Thomas Hobbes (1588– 1679), John Locke (1632–1704), and Adam Smith (1723–1790) French Revolution: Greater break with politics and social tradition: Tocqueville (1805–1859) 24 Social Change and Sociology: A New Awareness of Society What changes combined to make people more aware of their surroundings? • Huge factories • Exploding cities • New spirit of individualism Do you know why? The new discipline of sociology was born in England, France, and Germany. 25 Science and Sociology Ancient civilizations • Thought about nature of society • K'ung Fu-tzu, Confucius, Plato, Aristotle Medieval period • Imagined ideal study society • Marcus Aurelius, Aquinas, Pisan, Shakespeare 26 Science and Sociology: A New View • Coined term “sociology” in 1838 Comte • Saw sociology as product of a three-stage historical development • Theoretical stage (Church in the Middle Age • Metaphysical stage (Enlightenment and the ideas of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau) • Scientific stage (Modern physics, chemistry, sociology, and the work of Copernicus, Galileo and Newton) 27 Science and Sociology: A Closer Look at Comte • Used scientific approach to the study of society in positivism Comte (continued) • Believed that society operates according to its own laws, much as the physical world operates according to gravity and other laws of nature • Disputed by modern sociologists who posit a more complex view of human behavior, including that related to social injustice 28 Sociological Theory: What Is…? LO 1.5: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. 29 The basics Structural-Functional Approach Macro-level orientation is concerned with broad patterns that shape society as a whole. Society is viewed as a complex system; parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. 30 Key elements Structural-Functional Approach Social structure: Any relatively stable patterns of social behavior found in social institutions Manifest functions: Recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern Social function: Consequences for the operation of society as a whole Latent functions: Unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern 31 Who's Who in the Structural-Functional Approach Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer • Importance of social integration during times of rapid change • Helped establish sociology as a discipline • Compared society to the human body 32 Who's Who in the Structural-Functional Approach • Manifest functions are recognized and intended consequences Robert K. Merton • Latent functions are unrecognized and unintended consequences • Social dysfunctions are undesirable consequences 33 Evaluation of the Structural-Functional Approach 34 Social Conflict Approach: What Is…? 35 Social Conflict Approach: What Is…? 36 Social-Conflict Approach The basics • Factors such as race, sex, class, and age are linked to social inequality The social-conflict • Dominant group vs. approach points out patterns of inequality in everyday life. The TV series disadvantaged group relations Keeping Up with the Kardashians takes a closeup look at the lives of extremely affluent women. In what ways do they depend on the work of people of lower social position? 37 Key elements Social-Conflict Approach Rejects the idea that social structure promotes the operation of society as a whole Suggests society is structured in ways to benefit a few at the expense of the majority 38 Social-Conflict Approach 39 Who's Who in the Social-Conflict Approach Karl Marx W.E.B. Du Bois • Focus on importance of social class in inequality and social conflict • Focus on race as the major problem facing the U.S. in the 20th century 40 The basics Gender-Conflict Approach and Feminism Gender-conflict theory: Focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men Feminism: Advocacy of social equality for women and men linked to gender-conflict theory 41 Who's Who In Feminism and the GenderConflict Approach • First woman sociologist • Translated Comte's work from French to English Harriet Martineau • Documented the evils of slavery, argued for laws to protect factory workers, and fought for changes in education policy for women 42 Who's Who In Feminism and the GenderConflict Approach Jane Addams We can use the sociological perspective to look at Dealt with sociology itself. All of the most widely recognized Was a issues pioneers of the discipline were men. This is because sociological Wonof Nobel in the nineteenth century, it was all but unheard involving pioneer whoto be college professors, and fewPeace for women women Prize immigration took a central role in public life. helped found (1931) Hull House and the pursuit of peace 43 The basics The Race-Conflict Approach Focus on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories 44 The basics The Race-Conflict Approach Focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories Suggests racial conflict is still an issue in U.S. 45 Who's Who in the Race-Conflict Approach Ida Wells Barnett • Born to slave parents but rose to become a teacher and then a journalist and newspaper publisher • Campaigned for racial equality throughout her life 46 Who's Who in the Race-Conflict Approach • Earned the first doctorate awarded by Harvard to a person of color W.E.B. Du Bois • Founded the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory • Believed that sociologists should not simply learn about society's problems but also try to solve them 47 Social-Conflict Theories 48 Symbolic-Interaction Approach The basics Presents a micro-level orientation Offers a close-up focus on social interactions in specific situations Views society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals 49 Key elements Symbolic-Interaction Approach Society is a shared reality that people construct as they interact with one another. Society is a complex, everchanging mosaic of subjective meanings. 50 Who's Who in the Symbolic-Interaction Approach Max Weber George Herbert Mead • Understanding a setting from the people in it • How we build personalities from social experience 51 Who's Who in the Symbolic-Interaction Approach Erving Goffman George Homans and Peter Blau • Dramaturgical analysis • Social-exchange analysis 52 Overall Evaluation 53 Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports LO 1.6: Apply sociology’s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. 54 The Sociology of Sports A structuralfunctional approach directs our attention to ways sports help society operate. Sports have functional and dysfunctional consequences. Functions of Sports 55 The Sociology of Sports Social-conflict analysis points out games people play reflect their social standing. Sports and conflict Sports in the United States are bound up with inequalities. Sports have been oriented mostly toward males. 56 Do the Math! Why is there a high number of African Americans in some professional sports? Athletic performance in some sports can be precisely measured and is not influenced by racial prejudice. 57 Is race is linked to stacking of the positions athletes play on the field in baseball? What do you see? 58 Sports as Interaction Symbolic-interaction approach • Posits sports are less a system than an ongoing process Structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction • Provide different insights into sports • No one is more correct than the others 59 Is sociology nothing more than a stereotype? No! • Generalizations are not applied to A sociology everyone in a category. classroom is a good • Generalizations square with the place to get at the available facts. truth behind common • Generalizations are offered fairstereotypes. mindedly, with an interest in getting at the truth. 60 Back to Marriage Partner Selection True or False? • All societies enforce various rules that state who should or should not marry whom. 61