Download 4 Adaptations and Survival

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!DAPTATIONS AND 3URVIVAL
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4ENNESSEE 3CIENCE
3TANDARDS
!FTER YOU READ THIS SECTION YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER
THESE QUESTIONS
',% ',% ',% )NQ
s 7HAT ADAPTATIONS HELP ANIMALS SURVIVE
s 7HAT IS A GENETIC BOTTLENECK
(OW !RE !NIMALS !DAPTED 4O 4HEIR
%NVIRONMENTS
3EA TURTLES ARE STRONG SWIMMERS BECAUSE THEY HAVE
FLIPPERS 3EA TURTLES ARE ALSO EXCELLENT DIVERS ,EATHERBACK
SEA TURTLES CAN DIVE TO DEPTHS OF MORE THAN M 4HE
CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIBED ABOVE ARE CALLED ADAPTATIONS
!N ADAPTATION IS A CHARACTERISTIC THAT IMPROVES AN INDI
VIDUALS ABILITY TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE IN A PARTICULAR
ENVIRONMENT
4HE ABILITIES TO SWIM FAST AND TO DIVE TO GREAT DEPTHS
CAN HELP SEA TURTLES ESCAPE THEIR PREDATORS AND SEARCH FOR
FOOD !LTHOUGH SEA TURTLES LAY THEIR EGGS ON LAND THEY ARE
AQUATIC ANIMALS 4HEREFORE SEA TURTLES HAVE ADAPTATIONS
FOR AN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 4HEY COULD NOT SURVIVE IN
ONLY A LAND ENVIRONMENT
!LL ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS TO HELP THEM OBTAIN
FOOD 4HE FIGURES BELOW SHOW JUST A FEW OF THE MANY
ADAPTATIONS FOUND IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
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,EARN .EW 7ORDS !S YOU
READ THIS SECTION CIRCLE WORDS
THAT YOU DONT UNDERSTAND
7HEN YOU LEARN WHAT THEY
MEAN WRITE THE WORDS AND
THEIR DElNITIONS IN YOUR
NOTEBOOK
JXp@k
)NVESTIGATE 0ICK AN ANIMAL
TO RESEARCH &IND OUT WHAT
ADAPTATIONS THIS ANIMAL HAS
THAT HELP IT lND FOOD AND
PROTECT ITSELF 3HARE YOUR lND
INGS WITH A SMALL GROUP
4HE CHAMELEON ABOVE CATCHES AN INSECT
WITH ITS LONG TONGUE 4HE WOODPECKER RIGHT
USES ITS STRONG BEAK TO DRILL HOLES INTO TREES
TO lND INSECTS
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3OME ANIMALS ARE ADAPTED TO EATING ONE TYPE OF FOOD
4HESE ANIMALS ARE CALLED SPECIALISTS /THER ANIMALS
CAN EAT MANY TYPES OF FOOD 4HESE ANIMALS ARE CALLED
GENERALISTS
M:D>:EHHD
#OMPARE (OW DOES THE
RANGE OF FOODS EATEN BY GEN
ERALISTS AND SPECIALISTS DIFFER
'ROUP
$ESCRIPTION
%XAMPLES
3PECIALISTS
EAT ONE OR VERY FEW
KINDS OF FOOD
PANDAS KOALAS MONARCH
BUTTERmIES
'ENERALIST
EAT MANY KINDS OF FOOD
BLACK BEARS HUMANS RATS
(OW $O ANIMALS !VOID "EING %ATEN
2%!$).' #(%#+
)DENTIFY 7HAT COLORS
ARE COMMON WARNING COLORS
AMONG ANIMALS
-ANY ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS THAT SERVE AS A
DEFENSE AGAINST PREDATORS 3OME ORGANISMS SUCH AS THE
PORCUPINE HAVE PROTECTIVE COVERING "RIGHT MARKINGS
ALSO WARN POTENTIAL PREDATORS TO LEAVE AN ORGANISM ALONE
0ATTERNS WITH BLACK STRIPES AND RED ORANGE OR YELLOW
MARKINGS ARE COMMON IN MANY SPECIES OF ANIMALS
M:D>:EHHD
#OLOR 5SE COLORED PENCILS
TO COLOR IN THE CORAL SNAKE SO
THAT IT WOULD APPEAR DANGER
OUS TO PREDATORS
4HE PROTECTIVE QUILLS OF THE PORCUPINE LEFT KEEP PREDATORS AWAY 4HE PATTERN OF
BLACK RED AND YELLOW ON THE CORAL SNAKE RIGHT IS A WARNING SIGN TO PREDATORS
4HIS RABBIT HAS LONG BACK LEGS THAT HELP IT QUICKLY RUN AWAY FROM PREDATORS
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!NOTHER ADAPTATION THAT HELPS BOTH PREDATORS AND PREY
IS CALLED CAMOUFLAGE !N ORGANISM THAT IS CAMOUFLAGED IS
DISGUISED SO THAT IT IS HARD TO SEE EVEN WHEN THE ORGANISM
IS IN VIEW 3OME PREDATORS USE CAMOUFLAGE TO SNEAK UP
ON PREY
3OME ANIMALS CAN CHANGE THEIR APPEARANCE OVER TIME
&OR EXAMPLE SOME CHAMELEONS CAN CHANGE THEIR COLOR
VERY QUICKLY TO MATCH THEIR SURROUNDINGS /THER ANIMALS
LIKE THE ARCTIC FOX CHANGE COLORS SLOWLY 4HE ARCTIC FOX
HAS WHITE FUR IN WINTER TO BLEND IN WITH ITS SNOWY ENVI
RONMENT $URING SUMMER THE SNOW MELTS SO THE FOX
SHEDS ITS WHITE FUR AND BECOMES BROWN
2%!$).' #(%#+
%XPLAIN 7HY DOES THE
COLOR OF THE ARCTIC FOX CHANGE
DURING THE YEAR
#AMOUmAGED
BY DUCKWEED
THIS ALLIGATOR CAN
HIDE AND WAIT
FOR ITS PREY
(OW $O /RGANISMS (ELP %ACH /THER
4WO SPECIES CAN ALSO BE ADAPTED TO INTERACT WITH ONE
ANOTHER &OR EXAMPLE SOME BIRDS CALLED HONEYCREEPERS
HAVE LONG CURVED BEAKS (AVING A LONG BEAK LETS A BIRD
SIP THE NECTAR AT THE BASE OF THE LONG CURVED FLOWERS !S
A BIRD SIPS NECTAR FROM THE FLOWER THE BIRD GETS POLLEN ON
ITS HEAD 7HEN THE BIRD MOVES TO ANOTHER FLOWER SOME OF
THE POLLEN WILL RUB OFF "OTH THE PLANT AND THE BIRD BENEFIT
!NIMALS HAVE ALSO ADAPTED TO INTERACT WITH OTHER ANI
MALS #LOWNFISH HAVE ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOW THEM TO
TOUCH SEA ANEMONE TENTACLES WHICH NORMALLY STING 4HE
CLOWNFISH CHASE OFF SMALLER FISH THAT TRY TO EAT THE SEA
ANEMONE )N TURN THE CLOWNFISH IS PROTECTED FROM ITS OWN
PREDATORS BY THE STINGING TENTACLES OF THE ANEMONE %ACH
ANIMAL GAINS PROTECTION FROM THE OTHER
$SJUJDBM5IJOLJOH
!PPLY #ONCEPTS .AME
ANOTHER TYPE OF ANIMAL
THAT MIGHT HELP A PLANT TO
REPRODUCE BY CARRYING POLLEN
%XPLAIN HOW
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0LANT 2EPRODUCTION CONTINUED
7HAT )S .ATURAL 3ELECTION
2%!$).' #(%#+
)DENTIFY .AME TWO
FACTORS THAT PLAY A ROLE IN
WHETHER AN ORGANISM
REACHES ADULTHOOD
!S YOU HAVE LEARNED ADAPTATIONS HELP ORGANISMS SUR
VIVE /RGANISMS INHERIT ADAPTATIONS AND OTHER CHARACTERIS
TICS FROM THEIR PARENTS (OWEVER INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS
IN POPULATIONS CAN CHANGE OVER TIME 4HE CHANGE IN THE
INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION OVER TIME CAN BE
EXPLAINED BY NATURAL SELECTION
.ATURAL SELECTION IS A PROCESS IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS
WITH A CERTAIN TRAIT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE BUT INDIVIDU
ALS WITHOUT THE TRAIT DO NOT )NDIVIDUALS THAT ARE BETTER
ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE
MORE SUCCESSFULLY THAN LESS WELL ADAPTED INDIVIDUALS DO
)NHERITED CHARACTERISTICS MAY INFLUENCE WHICH INDIVIDU
ALS REACH ADULTHOOD AND WHICH DO NOT %NVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS SUCH AS PREDATION AND FOOD AVAILABILITY ALSO PAY A
LARGE ROLE
4HE SCIENTISTS ARE COUNTING SEA TURTLE EGGS /NE FEMALE CAN LAY UP TO EGGS
/NLY SOME BABY SEA TURTLES WILL SURVIVE TO REPRODUCE 4HOSE THAT DO WILL PASS ON
THEIR TRAITS TO FUTURE GENERATIONS OF SEA TURTLES
7HAT (APPENS 4O 'ENETIC 6ARIATION /VER
4IME
2%!$).' #(%#+
)DENTIFY 7HAT IS GENETIC
VARIATION
/VER TIME A POPULATION WILL BE MADE UP OF MORE INDI
VIDUALS WITH CHARACTERISTICS THAT HELP THEM SURVIVE &OR
NATURAL SELECTION TO ACT INDIVIDUALS IN THE POPULATION
MUST HAVE SOME DIFFERENCES IN THEIR INHERITED CHARACTERIS
TICS 4HESE DIFFERENCES ARE CALLED GENETIC VARIATION
(OWEVER IF A POPULATION DECREASES RAPIDLY MANY
CHARACTERISTICS MAY DISAPPEAR FROM A POPULATION
#HARACTERISTICS ARE LOST IF ALL INDIVIDUALS WITH THOSE CHAR
ACTERISTICS DIED
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7HEN A POPULATION LOSES SOME OF ITS VARIATION IN TRAITS
IT IS IN A GENETIC BOTTLENECK )F THE POPULATION BEGINS TO
GROW ALL THE INDIVIDUALS WILL HAVE THE SAME CHARACTERIS
TICS ! POPULATION WITH LITTLE GENETIC VARIATION MAY SUFFER
FROM BIRTH DEFECTS AND GENETIC DISEASES -ANY INDIVIDUALS
WOULD LIKELY BE AFFECTED BY THE SAME DISEASE
,ARGE CATS CALLED PANTHERS OR COUGARS USED TO LIVE IN
4ENNESSEE AND MUCH OF THE SOUTHEASTERN 5NITED 3TATES
"ECAUSE OF HUNTING AND HABITAT LOSS THEY ARE NOW FOUND
ONLY IN SOUTHERN &LORIDA 4HERE ARE VERY FEW &LORIDA
PANTHERS THAT LIVE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF &LORIDA 4HIS ISO
LATION AND THE DECREASE IN POPULATION SIZE HAVE CAUSED
GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN THE &LORIDA PANTHER POPULATION TO
DECREASE
!S A RESULT MANY OF THE PANTHERS THAT SURVIVED HAVE
BECOME GENETICALLY SIMILAR "REEDING BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL
PANTHERS THAT ARE GENETICALLY SIMILAR CAN RESULT IN HEART
DEFECTS THE FAILURE OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND LOW BIRTH
RATES (OWEVER THERE IS A RECOVERY PROGRAM IN PLACE FOR
THE &LORIDA PANTHER 4HE PROGRAM INCLUDES PROTECTING AND
ENLARGING THE PANTHERS HABITAT AS WELL AS MONITORING THE
HEALTH OF THE POPULATION
)DENTIFY 7HAT HAPPENS TO
GENETIC VARIATION WHEN THERE
IS A GENETIC BOTTLENECK
2%!$).' #(%#+
%ACH COLOR REPRESENTS A DIFFER
ENT SKIN COLOR WITHIN A POPULATION
OF FROGS 7HEN THE POPULATION
IS REDUCED TO A FEW MEMBERS A
GENETIC BOTTLENECK OCCURS 7HEN THE
POPULATION GROWS THERE ARE FEWER
COLORS OF FROGS
BVi];dXjh
#ALCULATE 3UPPOSE THAT
EACH LETTER IN THE lGURE
REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT COLORS
THAT A SPECIES OF FROG CAN BE
7HAT PERCENTAGE OF FROGS IN
THE INITIAL POPULATION WAS
GREEN 7HAT ABOUT THE lNAL
POPULATION 3HOW YOUR WORK
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