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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM What is the function of the Respiratory System? Vocabulary #4 1. Respiration • The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells of the body & the external environment 2. Thoracic cage (rib cage) • Consists of the sternum, ribs & costal (rib) cartilages; bound anteriorly by sternum & posteriorly by 12 thoracic vertebrae 3.True ribs • Ribs #1-7; attach directly to the sternum through cartilage 4. False ribs • Ribs # 8-10; attach indirectly to the sternum through the costal cartilage of the 7th rib 5. Floating ribs • Ribs 11 & 12; have not anterior attachment Vocabulary #4 6. Thoracic vertebrae • 12 vertebrae immediately inferior to the cervical vertebrae in the vertebral column 7. Sternum • Long, flat bone in middle of anterior chest wall; 3 parts are manubrium, body & xiphoid process 8. Upper respiratory tract • Consists of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx 9. Lower respiratory tract • Made up of the trachea, and bronchial tree Vocabulary #4 10. Nasal cavity • The internal portion of the nose; it warms, filters, and moistens the air we breathe 11. Oral cavity • The mouth; another place where breathing can take place 12. Pharynx • The throat; extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx and serves as a passageway for both digestive & respiratory systems 13. Larynx • Enlargement at the top of the trachea; passageway for air & houses the vocal cords Vocabulary #4 14. Trachea • Rigid tube that connects larynx to the bronchial tree; passageway for air & filters air 15. Bronchial Tree • Branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli; filters air 16. Lungs • Soft cone-shaped organs that occupy most of the thoracic cavity; contain air passages, alveoli & blood vessels. • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs Number the page 1-6 & fill in blanks (start from the top) Respiratory System Function • Supply oxygen (O2) to the cells of the body • Eliminate Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the body The Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage) • Rib Cage True Ribs (1-7) False Ribs (8-10) Floating Ribs (11 & 12) • Sternum • Costal Cartilage • Thoracic Vertebrae Structures of Respiration • Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx • Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea Bronchial tree Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx •The throat •Extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx •Serves as a passageway for both digestive & respiratory systems Upper Respiratory Tract: Larynx • Enlargement at the top of the trachea • Passageway for air • Houses the vocal cords Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea •Rigid tube that connects larynx to the bronchial tree • Passageway for air • Filters air Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchial Tree •Branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli •Filters air Visceral & Parietal Pleura •Visceral pleura covers the lungs •Parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall Pleural Cavity •Contains a small amount of pleural fluid which has 3 main functions: • Lubrication • Reducing heat build-up • Create surface tension to cause lung to remain against the thoracic wall Mechanics of Respiration •Change in thoracic volume •Move the ribs •Move the diaphragm •Air flows from high to low pressure •Difference of pressure in the air vs. the alveoli •Boyles Law- pressure-volume relationship in gasses. LUNG VOLUMES 1. TIDAL VOLUME (TV) : AMOUNT OF AIR NORMALLY ENTERING & LEAVING LUNGS (~ 500 mL) 2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): AMOUNT OF AIR FORCIBLY INHALED AFTER NORMAL INSPIRATION. (~ 3,000 mL) 3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): AMOUNT OF AIR FORCIBLY EXHALED AFTER NORMAL EXPIRATION. (~ 1,000 mL) 4. VITAL CAPACITY (VC): LARGEST AMOUNT OF AIR ENTERING & LEAVING LUNGS (~ 5,000 mL) 5. RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): AIR REMAINING IN LUNGS (ie TRAPPED IN ALVEOLI !!) (~ 1,000 mL) SPIROMETER * DEVICE TO MEASURE LUNG VOLUMES tidal volume Mechanics of Respiration: Change in Thoracic Volume Inspiration •Ribs elevate •Diaphragm moves down (contracts) •Thoracic cavity enlarges •Air is pulled into lungs The Thoracic Cage Movement: Inspiration Expiration •Ribs move down •Diaphragm moves up (relaxes) •Thoracic cavity gets smaller •Air is pushed out of lungs The Thoracic Cage Movement: Expiration Respiratory Muscles • Accessory • Sternocleidomastoid • Scalenes • Principal • External intercostals • Internal intercostals • Diaphragm • Quiet breathing • Active breathing • Internal intercostals • Rectus abdominis • Internal/external obliques Respiratory System Pathway Breathe in O2… • Oxygen travels from nose/mouth to: • • • • • Pharynx (throat) Larynx (vocal chords) Trachea Bronchial Tree Alveoli • At Alveoli oxygen (O2) diffuses into bloodstream & attaches to red blood cells • O2 travels to cells of the body • Energy is created & CO2 is the waste product • CO2 attaches to the red blood cells & travels back to the lungs • CO2 diffuses back into the alveoli of the lungs • CO2 travels from alveoli to: • Bronchial tree • Trachea • Larynx • Pharynx • Nose/Mouth Breathe out CO2… Systemic Blood Flow Effects of Elevation on Respiration • Whether at sea level or on a high mountain the atmosphere holds about 21% O2 • When elevation increases atmospheric pressure decreases (O2 molecules farther apart) • At high elevations each breath brings in only half the number of O2 molecules (lungs work twice as hard) • Body responds by: • Increasing number of red blood cells to carry O2 • Increase production of enzyme that transfers O2 to tissues • Elevation training due to adaptions Effects of Exercise on Respiration • Improves your Vital capacity (TV + IRV + ERV) • Greater movement of air through the lungs • Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles get stronger which helps to increase chest size • Increases blood flow to your lungs (allowing the lungs to deliver more oxygen into the blood) • More capillaries are formed around the alveoli so that more gas exchange can take place Respiratory Disorders: Pneumonia • Lung inflammation • Mechanism • Bacterial, viral, or fungal infection • Signs & Symptoms • Flu-like symptoms • Cough • Fever • • • • Shortness of breath Chest pain Headache Fatigue • Care • Antibiotics • Antivirals • Fever reducers (acetaminophen commonly known as Tylenol) • Cough medication • Rest w/plenty of fluids Respiratory Disorders: Sleep Apnea • Sleeping disorder • Mechanism • Abnormal pauses in breathing or abnormally low breathing during sleep depriving body of oxygen • Signs & Symptoms • • • • • • • Daytime fatigue Insomnia Poor concentration/attention Memory problems Anxiety Irritability Headaches • Care • Non surgical • Weight loss • Stop smoking • CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask • Surgical • Tissue removal Respiratory Disorders: Hiccups • Mechanism • Diaphragm spasms taking in air • Intake of air stopped by closure of the vocal cords (glottis) • Caused by: • • • • • Eating too much food too quickly Drinking too much alcohol Swallowing too much air Smoking Emotional stress or excitement • Care • Holding breath • Breathing into paper bag • Drinking a glass of water Respiratory Disorders: Strep Throat • Pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx) • Mechanism • Streptococcus bacteria • Sign & Symptoms • • • • Fever Sore throat Headache Nausea • Care • • • • Antibiotics Rest Gargle with warm salt water Over the counter pain medication such as Tylenol (Acetaminophen)