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Advanced Biology
Classification Review
1. Define taxonomy. Who was first to classify organisms?
Taxonomy = the science of classification. Aristotle was given credit for
coming up with the first classification system for living things.
2. Explain Aristotle’s taxonomy of organisms.
Aristotle classified all living things into two groups – Plant (sub-divided
into strong and weak stems) and Animal (sub-divided into land, sea,
air).
3. Why are common names not good to use when classifying organisms? Give an
example.
Common names are not good to use because they often create an
inaccurate image and sometimes are repetitive. Seahorse is an example
for inaccurate image whereas puma, cougar, and mountain lion are
repetitive.
4. Describe Carolus Linnaeus’s system of classification. Linnaeus used
____________________ or form & structure to classify organisms.
Linnaeus’s system had two kingdoms like Aristotle’s. Linnaeus used
Latin names instead of long descriptions like earlier taxonomists. He
classified many organisms by Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, and Species
5. List Linnaeus’s levels of organization in order starting with the broadest classification
level. Name Linnaeus’s two kingdoms.
Linnaeus’s levels of organization in order include: Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. His two kingdoms are Plant
and Animal
6. What is the difference between phylum & division? How are they alike?
Division is a classification grouping for plants that follows Kingdom.
Like phylum for all others it is a collection of classes.
7. In Linnaeus’s naming system, ___________________ words are used as the name.
What is Linnaeus’s naming system called? Write the scientific name for man.
Linnaeus used Latin (not the language of love). His naming system is
called Binomial Nomenclature – the two name naming system that
includes Genus and species. Human classification begins with the
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum
Vertebrata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae,
Genus Homo, and Species sapiens.
8. The ___________ name is written first and must always be __________________.
The ____________ name is written second and should _____________ be capitalized.
The Genus name is written first and must always be capitalized
The species name is written second and should not be capitalized.
9. Name 2 things a species name may do. What are subspecies?
Two things a species may do is interbreed and produce offspring that
are fertile. A subspecies is a group within a species that varies greatly
but is able to reproduce with members of the same species to produce
fertile offspring.
10. What do modern taxonomists use to classify organisms? Define phylogeny?
Modern taxonomists use a science called Phylogeny which is defined as
evolutionary history.
11. Name 6 things used by modern taxonomists to classify organisms.
Six things used by modern taxonomists include: cellular structure, body
type, mode of nutrition, embryology, homologous and analogous
structures, gene sequences, etc.
12. What is biosystematics? Name a tool used by systematic taxonomists.
Biosystematics is defined as the study of reproductive compatibility and
gene flow. Taxonomists use Branch Diagrams and Dichotomous Keys.
Also, Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees.
13. What is a phylogenetic tree? What complex animal group is located at the top of your
phylogenetic tree? List the order of vertebrate evolution beginning with fish.
A phylogenetic tree follows the flow of genes through evolution into new
species. The order of vertebrate evolution is as follows: fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and then mammals.
14. Explain radioactive dating.
Radioactive dating is the process that uses a comparison of a radioactive
substance to a nonradioactive substance to determine how long an
organism has been dead.
15. Describe homologous & analogous?
Homologous structures are structures that are similar in more than one
type of organism. For Example, the wing of a bat and the pectoral fin of
a Blue whale have the same bone structure. Analagous structures are
structures that are similar in function but differ in structure. For
example, a butterfly wing and a bird wing are used for flight but differ
greatly in internal structure. Homologous structures result from
divergent evolution, whereas analogous structures result from
convergent evolution.
16. What is a cladogram? Sketch a cladogram for vertebrates.
Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived
characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales
17. 2 broad types of bacteria led taxonomists to develop what classification system?
2 broad types of bacteria led taxonomists to develop a three domain
system which includes Archae and Eubacteria, as well as Eukarya.
18. Name the 6 kingdoms & tell which are prokaryotes & which are eukaryotes.
The six kingdoms include: Archaebacteria – prokaryotes, Eubacteria –
prokaryotes, Protista – Eukaryotic, Fungi – Eukaryotic, Plantae –
Eukaryotic, Anamilia - Eukaryotic
19. Describe members of the kingdom Archaebacteria.
Archaebacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membranebound organelles) Archaea).
20. In what type of environment are Archaebacteria found? What kingdom contains true
bacteria? Do all true bacteria use oxygen? Explain.
Archaebacteria live in harsh environments and may represent the first
cells to have evolved. True bacteria belong to the Kingdom Eubacteria.
Bacteria live in a wide range of environments. Some need oxygen and
are called aerobic, some like oxygen and can tolerate no oxygen and are
called facultative anaerobic. Others live without oxygen but can tolerate
oxygen and are called facultative aerobic. Lastly, some cannot tolerate
oxygen and are called anaerobic.
21. List four ways bacteria reproduce?
Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission. They also reproduce
sexually in three ways. 1. Conjugation – bacteria attach to each other
by a pili bridge and exchange DNA. 2. Transformation – bacteria and
injected with other bacterial DNA by a parasite virus. 3. Transduction
– Bacteria take up dead bacterial DNA as food and it attaches to their
own DNA.
22. Most protists are ______ organisms, but some like the giant kelp are _________.
Unicellular; Multicellular
23. Some protists like ______ feed on other organisms, while __________ have
chloroplasts & make their own food.
Paramecium and Amoeba; Algae like Euglena, and Volvox
24. Describe the characteristics of fungi. How do fungi get food?
Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic, absorptive, sexual
reproduction with + and – mating strains. Also, asexual by budding and
fragmentation.
25. Multicellular plants are in the ____________________ kingdom. Plants are
________________ and make food energy by ________________.
Plant; Multicellular; Photosynthesis
26. Most plants live on ________________.
Land
27. Describe the characteristics of the animal kingdom.
Multicellular, heterotrophic, Eukaryotic, Sexual Reproduction,
ingestive
28. Animals have _______________ body organization. Both plants & animals
reproduce ________________.
Multicellular; Sexually
29. Name the 3 domains. Domain ___________ contains the same organisms as the
kingdom Archaebacteria.
Domain Archaebacteria, Domain Eubacteria, Domain Eukarya
30. Domain _______ contains kingdom Eubacteria. What is domain Eukarya?
Eubacteria; The Domain that contains Protista, Fungi, Plants, and
Animals
31. Use the Lizard key to classify the Plastic Lizards.