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A Brief History of Music 1 Renaissance 1500 - 1650 Definition: Revival or rebirth Composers: Byrd Morley Palestrina Dowland. Description of the music: Mainly polyphonic - more then 1 tune at a time. Typical compositions: Mass - sung in Latin, religious music, polyphonic, unaccompanied (no instruments). Famous composer of this type of music - Palestrina Madrigal - sung in English/French/Italian - (not Latin). Sometimes had accompanying instruments such as recorders, lutes or early violins. (viols) Songs were mainly about happy events or love songs. Famous composers of this type of music: Byrd or Morley. Lute Music - Famous composer of this type of music Dowland Instruments: Mainly singing but some instruments were found such as recorders, viols, and lutes and early harpsichords. Small orchestras appeared in the 1600's consisting of a mixed collection of bowed and plucked stringed instruments as well as various types of wind instruments. keyboard instruments included clavichords and early harpsichords. 2 Baroque Period 1650 - 1750 Definition: Decorated or ornamented. Composers: J.S. Bach Handel Vivaldi Purcell. Description of the music: Mainly homophonic - 1 major tune with accompaniment. Typical compositions: Opera - Drama set to music, acted and sung by soloists and chorus. Example: Dido ond Aeneas by Purcell. Oratorio - Large-scale religious work for choir, soloist and orchestra. Example: The Messioh by Handel. Operas and oratorios often incorporated two styles of singing. These were called aria – a tuneful song and recitative – a style of half spoken singing. Concerto Grosso - A piece of music for orchestra. The orchestra divided into two sections one small group of soloists (Concertino) and one larger, main group of instrumentalists (Ripieno). Example: The Four Seasons by Vivaldi. Fugue - A piece of music for keyboard, voices or sometimes orchestra. It was essentially a mathematical way of composing using one main tune but inverting and changing it. It was very imitative, sometimes known as contrapuntal music. Suite - A collection of a few pieces of music which were originally dances in the Renaissance period the most common suites consisted of four dances: Allemande – slow Courante – fast Sarabande - slow Gigue – fast (with an anacrusis) Anacrusis - Music which begins on a weak beat 3 Overture - An orchestral piece of music played at the beginning of an opera, oratorio or suite. There were two types of overture one was called the Italian overture and. the other the French overture. They both, had three distinct sections. French: 1st Slow. 2nd fast 3rd Slow Italian: 1st Quick 2nd Slow 3rd Quick (The French overture was also distinguished by having dotted rhythms). Example of a French overture: Orchestral suite no 2 in B minor by J S Bach Example of an Italian overture: La Griselda by A Scarlatti. Instruments: Basic orchestra of 14 to 16 players consisting mainly of stringed instruments. The harpsichord was in constant use. The organ was also popular in churches. 4 Classical Period 1750 - 1800 Definition: Music which is ordered with an emphasis on proportion and balance. Composers: Haydn Mozart Beethoven. Typical compositions: Opera - Similar to Baroque opera but much more structured. Example: Don Giovanni or The Marriage of Figaro by Mozart. Oratorio - Similar to the Baroque oratorio but on a much larger scale. Example: Mass in C by Mozart. Symphony - A piece of music for full orchestra often in four movements. 1" movement - serious. 2"" movement slow/sad. 3"'movement - Light hearted/fun (usually in triple time), 4th movement fast. Examples: Beethoven's 9 symphonies - Eroica (no. 3), Pastoral (no. 6), Choral (no. 9). String Quartet - A piece of music for four string players. 2 violins, 1 viola and 1 cello. Concerto - A piece of music for full orchestra and Soloist in 3 movements. Example: Piano concerto in G major by Mozart Emperor piano concerto by Beethoven. Form and Structure: The Classical period was a time when balance and proportion were very important. Structures such ABA or ABACA were common in the Baroque period but became more so in the Classical period. A new kind of ABA structure emerged in the Classical period. Its typical structure was: Exposition: Development: Recapitulation: 1st Subject (Tonic) Subjects 1 and 2 are 1st Subject (Tonic) 2nd Subject (Dominant) developed 2nd Subject (Dominant) 5 Instruments: The orchestra increased in size, new instruments included clarinet and piano. The use of the harpsichord was discontinued. Romantic Period 1800 - 1900 6 Definition: Music in which expression and emotion became more important than structure or form. Composers: Schubert Schumann Wagner Verdi Liszt Chopin Tchaikovsky Mahler Composers were often inspired by nature, legends and fairy tales. Typical compositions: Opera - Became much more dramatic and longer. Example: The Ring by Wagner. An opera performed over four nights approximately 25 hours in total. Aida by Verdi. Symphonies - Became much longer had many more players. Composers introduced Symphonic poems whereby the music tells a story. This kind of music became known as progromme music. Example: Symphonie Fantastique by Berlioz. Symphonies in the Classical period generally had four movements. Mahler's symphonies were much longer and often had 5 movements. Example: Symphony of a Thousand Lied (plural = Lieder)- A German word meaning song. A piece of music for piano and voice. Example: The Earlking by Schubert. Schubert and Schumann were inspired by the poets of the Romantic period. For example the famous German poet Goeth. Concerto - Similar to the Classical concerto but again on a much bigger scale. 7 The soloists who performed these concertos were often referred to as virtuosos because they were extremely skilful. Liszt ond Chopin (pianists) were virtuosos, Another example was the famous violinist Paqanini. Examples: Piano Concerto in E Flat Major by List. Etudes (piano composition) by Chopin. Capricci for solo violin by Paganini. Ballet - A story set to music (orchestral) with dancing but with no singing. Example: Swan Lake by Tchaikovsky. Instruments: Orchestra increased in size - now 60 to 100 musicians. Valves introduced onto brass instruments. String section greatly increased. Percussion section emerges as a major new section of the orchestra. New instruments included: the trombone, tuba, piccolo, contra bassoon, cor anglais, saxophone, harp and various percussion instruments such as tubular bells. 8 20th Century Period 1900 – 2000 Composers: Schoenberg Debussy Stravinsky Sibelius John Cage Philip Glass New Styles of Composition: Serialism - Music composed by a mathematical series of notes. Preceded atonal music which sounded similar (weird). Example: Five Piano Pieces by Schoenberg. Impressionism - Different combinations of instruments not heard before, for example the flute and harp. Music that created an impression. Example: L'Apres Midi D'un Faun by Debussy or the opera Pelleas et Melisande by Debussy. Neoclassicism - Music which sounded like classical music but with 'wrong notes" Example: PulcineIla by Stravinsky. Neoromanticism - A continuation of the music from the Romantic period in the 20'h Century. Example: Finlandia (a symphony) by sibelius. Experimental - Composers redefine the meaning of music. Any sound or combination is accepted. Example 4' 33" (4 minutes 33 seconds) by John Cage. Minimalism - Use of short melodic ideas repeated with small changes. Example: Einstein on the Beach by Philip Glass An opera in 1 act lasting over four hours. 9 Test yourself 1 1 Name a Renaissance composer. 2 Name one type of composition from the Renaissance period? 3 What 20th Century style did Sibelius write in? 4 Name one Baroque composer? 5 Name the two sections in a concerto grosso? 6 What is an Oratorio? 7 Name one Oratorio? 8 Give the dotes of the Classical period? 9 Name one composer from the Classical period? 10 How many movements are there in a Concerto? 11 How many movements are there in a symphony? 12 Who composed "The Ring" 13 Name a composer of Leider? 14 Name a new instrument introduced during the Classical period? 15 Name a new instrument introduced during the Romantic period 16 What is programme music? 17 Name one style of 20" Century music? 18 Name one composer from the 20" Century? 19 Who composed L'Apres Midi D'un Faun 20 Who wrote "Einstein on the Beach"? 10 Test yourself 2 1. Name the three sections of sonata form. 2. What is the third dance in the Baroque Suite called? 3. How many movements are there in a concerto? 4. What language was religious music sung in during the Renaissance? 5. What was the name of the keyboard instrument used in the Baroque? 6. Give the dates of the Baroque period? 7. Name an opera from the Classical period? 8. In what kind of music would you find recitative? 9. What is an overture? 10. Name a ballet by Tchaikovsky? 11. Was the orchestra in the Romantic period larger or smaller? 12. Name one composer from the Romantic period who wrote piano music? 13. Name one opera from the Romantic period? 14. In which period were "lieder" composed? 15. Who composed The Marriage of Figaro.? 16. What kind of music was contrapuntal? 17. Name the four instruments in a string quartet 18. What is Programme Music"? 19. What does the word pianoforte literally mean? 20 What does polyphonic mean? 11