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Baroque Era Study Guide Baroque = “bizarre” o Formal, elaborate, music/art was complex Religious conflict between protestant/Catholic Virtuoso: highly skilled musician Amateur: a skilled non-professional musician o Every home has a piano o Everyone learns to play an instrument/sing Monody: solo song for voice with accompaniment by instrument Internationalist: free exchange of cultures Figured bass: notated bass line for instruments, requires players to improvise o Basso continuo: usually 2 instruments, one bass and one improvising (ex. Cello + harpsipchord) Major-Minor Tonality: two commonly used “sets” of notes: “happy” and “sad” Doctrine of the Affections: the union of text and music – emotional connection Castrato: a male singer whose voice remains high via surgery Equal temperament: universal tuning, instruments can play in many keys OPERA!! o Opera seria – serious plots (tragedy) o Opera buffa – comedic plots (happy stories) Overture – instrumental opening Recitative – sung dialogue Aria – lyrical songs ABA form = da capo Barbara Strozzi Chorus – songs for full ensemble Libretto – the words and story Written by Librettist o Started in Italy (opera seria) Claudio Monteverdi – plots from Greek mythology o France – more dancing Jean-Baptiste Lully o England – smaller cast, simpler Henry Purcell Suite: instrumental collection of dances o George Frideric Handel Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks Concerto o Solo Concerto – features one instrument accompanied by orchestra o Concerto Grosso – features a small group of instruments accompanied by orchestra Antonio Vivaldi Concerto: The Four Seasons “The Red Priest” Girls’ Orphanage “Oespedale della Pieta” Trained girls in music Keyboard Instruments o Air Powered: Pipe Organ (church) o Plucked Strings: Harpsichord, Clavichord, Virginal, Spinet o Hammered Strings: Pianoforte Bartolomeo Cristoferi “Soft-Loud” o Fugue – subject (melody) played in a variety of ways Contrapuntal devices SACRED Baroque Music o Cantata – Sacred (usually) Lutheran work for voices and instruments Johann Sebastian Bach Chorale: chorus for 4-part singers o Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass Contain a plot Arias, recitatives, choruses, like operas o Oratorios Large-scale sacred music drama For voices and instruments Not staged or costumed Contains a plot o Arias, recitatives, choruses George Frideric Handel German-born, composer of Italian operas, famous for Oratorios, especially in England “The Messiah” o “The Hallelujah Chorus