Download from Race to Ethnicity

Revolt of Color:
Race Represented on Stage
British & American Drama and Performance
week 14
ROUND 1
“Ebony and Ivory”
(1982)
Ebony and ivory live together in perfect harmony
Side by side on my piano keyboard, oh lord, why don't we?
We all know that people are the same where ever we go
There is good and bad in everyone,
We learn to live, we learn to give
Each other what we need to survive together alive.
ROUND 2
Magazine Ebony
(2007)
“Invincible”
(2001)
“HIStory”
(1995)
“Black or White”
(1991)
“Dangerous”
(1991)
“Bad”
(1987)
“Thriller”
(1982)
“Off the Wall”
(1979)
“Forever, Michael”
(1975)
“Music & Me”
(1973)
“Ben”
(1972)
“Got to Be There”
(1972)
R.I.P.
Michael Jackson
1958-2009
ROUND 3
T. Woods’ Ethnic Background?
One-quarter Chinese
One-quarter Thai
One-quarter African American
One-eighth Native American
One-eighth Dutch
ROUND 4
Definitions: Race vs. Ethnicity
Race
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biological, physical, scientific perspective
생물학적, 물리적, 과학적 관점
can be said as superior/inferior 우/열을 가릴 수 있음
Ethnicity
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cultural perspective 문화적 관점
cannot be said as superior/inferior 우열을 가릴 수 없음
Ethnic Group
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A human population whose members identity with each other
Usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry
Common cultural, behavioral, linguistic, or religious practices
 cultural community
Definitions: Racism

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A belief that inherent biological differences determine cultural or
individual achievement 생물학적 차이가 문화적 성취 결정한다는 믿음
A belief that one’s own race is superior and has right to rule others
우등한 인종이 열등한 인종을 지배할 권리가 있다는 믿음
Used to refer to ethnocentrism, xenophobia, miscegenation, and
nationalism
Definitions: Ethnocentrism
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A belief that one’s own race or ethnic group is the most important
A belief that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of
other groups
Ethnocentrism, Fascism?
History: from Race to Ethnicity
17C ~ 18C:
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Scientific attempts to categorize race
Scholars focused on describing “The Natural Variety of Mankind”
Ideology about group differences  “ideology of race”
집단 차이에 대한 이데올로기  “인종에 대한 이데올로기”
Races are primordial, natural, enduring, and distinct
인종은 근본적이고, 자연적이고, 영구적이고, 명백한 차이…
History: from Race to Ethnicity
19C:

Race is a central concept of anthropology 인류학

Three claims about race
1) Races are objective, naturally occurring divisions of humanity
2) Strong relationship btw. biological races & other phenomena
3) Race is a valid scientific category to explain human behavior

Conclusion
1) Race is distinguished by skin color, facial type, cranial size…
2) Race reflects group difference in moral character & intelligence
3) Stronger tribes of humans always replaced weaker tribes
4) ‘fit’ people would replace the ‘unfit’  human evolution
History: from Race to Ethnicity
20C: ‘cultural relativist thesis’ 문화적 상대주의

Anthropologists questioned the claim that biologically distinct
races are related to distinct linguistic, cultural, social groups
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Race  ethnicity
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The rejections of race and adoption the concept of ‘ethnicity’
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Ethnicity refers to self-identifying groups based on beliefs in
shared religion, nationality, or race, not base on biological aspects
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College textbooks rejected ‘Race’ as a valid concept
History: from Race to Ethnicity
Current:
‘American Anthropological Association’ Report
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“The concept of race is a social and cultural construction”
“Race simply cannot be tested or proven scientifically”
“Human populations are not biologically distinct groups”
“The concept of ‘race’ has no validity in human species”
History: from Race to Ethnicity
Computer Morphing Technology!!
"There is only one race, the human one. the concept of race is not genetic, but social.
there is no gene for race. THE Human Race Machine allows us to move beyond
differences and arrive at sameness. We are all one"
http://www.humanracemachine.com/
ROUND 5
Race ‘Representation’ in Literature
Stereotypes of Native Americans
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“Noble Savage”
1) Physical beauty, natural grace, elegant, stoic, loyal
2) Knowledge of nature

“Red Devil”
1) Cruel, diabolical savage, subhuman
2) Thrives on rape, murder, violence, thievery
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“Indian Princess” (Pocahontas)
1) Exotic sexual object
2) Saves a white hero and marries him
3) She understands the value of Eurocentric culture
Metamora (1829) by
John Augustus Stone
“white man with masculinity”
Edwin Forest as ‘Metamora’ (1829)
Image of ‘Noble Savage’
the idealized picture of ‘nature’s gentleman’ presented a nice image of
Native Indians for the Colonials
Image of ‘Red Devil’
Unlearned, unmannered, uncultured…
image of Native Indians as brutal primitive opposite to civilization.
Pocahontas (1595-1617)
A photograph said to represent
Pocahontas and her son
White vs Red
European vs Oriental
Race ‘Representation’ in Literature
Stereotypes of African Americans
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“Happy Sambo”
1) Popular black character in American pop culture
2) Not working, big smile, always happy
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“Zip Coon”
1) New character near the Civil War
2) Dandy, free black, attempting to imitate ‘white quality’
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“Mammy”
1) Protector of white house
2) No beauty, no sexual tension, a-sexual figure
3) Opposite to what supposed to be white women
Race ‘Representation’ in Literature
Stereotypes of African Americans (cont.)
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“Black Brute”
1) Beast-like personality
2) Vicious, brutal, violent, threatening to white women
3) Issue of Segregation
4) Sentimentalism: Nostalgia for ‘Good Old Days’
Justifying ‘Go Back to Slavery’
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“Tragic Mulatto”
1) Mixed-blood, apparently white, but black blood
2) ‘fit’ nowhere, (neither white nor black…
3) Death is the final choice
‘Happy’ Little Black Sambo
‘Jim Crow’ Character
late 1820s (pre-Civil War)… White man in
black face and black gesture… Perfect
dialect of black man… Popular characters
in ‘Black Minstrelsy’ show…
After Civil War, ‘black’ Jim Crow
‘Jim Crow’ Laws (1876-1965)
Rosa Park sits in the front seat of a bus
‘Zip Coon’ Character
Sheet music cover for “Zip Coon” (1830s)
‘Mammy’ Character
‘Mammy’ in Gone with the Wind (1939)
‘Black Brute’ Character
The black brute stereotype (1870s - ): “black men is
savage, violent, amazingly strong and not caring about
right and wrong. Black men rape and kill for no reason.
They cannot control themselves…”
‘Tragic Mulatto’ Character
The Octoroon (1859)
Race ‘Representation’ in Literature
Stereotypes of Asian Americans
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“Heathen Chinese” in Ah Shin (1877)
1) ‘Yellow Face’ character created by Mark Twain & Bret Harte
2) Single Chinese man of menial status
3) Broken English, stupid and outlandish behavior
4) Being of Absence:
“he is just ignorant and awkward but harmless!”
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The Chinese Must Go (1879)
1) Written for anti-Coolie club
2) ‘Yellow Peril’ stereotype: reflect anti-Chinese sentiment
3) Complexity of Chinese characters
Race ‘Representation’ in Literature
Stereotypes of Asian Americans (cont.)
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“Oriental” Women (1900-1940)
1) Exotic melodramas set in Asia by white actors in yellow face
2) Asian characters always dies at the end
3) Dragon Lady: cunning murderess with marshal art
4) Lotus Blossom: servile ladies like ‘Geisha’ & ‘China Doll’
5) Orientalized, feminized…
‘Heathen Chinese’
Ah Shin (1877)
The Octoroon (1859)
“The Chinese Must Go”:
Anti-Coolie Club’s campaign poster
‘Yellow Peril’
Yellow Terror,
racist 1899 editorial cartoon
The Octoroon (1859)
‘Dragon Lady’
‘Dragon Lady’
in Shanghai Express (1932)
‘Dragon Lady’
in animation
Lotus Blossom
‘Lotus Blossom’ &
‘China Doll’
China Doll
Human
‘China Doll’
The Octoroon (1859)
‘Lotus Blossom’ &
‘China Doll’
China Doll The
(1958)
Octoroon (1859)
Current Issue Related to Ethnicity
Diaspora 디아스포라
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Territorial displacement, either forced or voluntary
Dislocation, fragment, memory, identity…
Cultural Hybridization 문화적 혼종
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Essentialist notions of identity collapse…
Geographical borders fade…
Imagined Community…
Diaspora:
definitions
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A collective trauma, a banishment, where one
dreamed of home but lived in exile
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Peoples abroad who have maintained strong
identities have defined as diasporas, though they
were neither active agents of colonization nor
passive victims of persecution
Nation: Imagined Community
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Nations were “imagined communities”
because “the members of even the
smallest nation will never know most
of their fellow-members, meet them, or
even hear of them, yet in the minds of
each lives the image of their
communion”
– Benedict Anderson

The imagination is made possibly by extensive
use of printing press, mass media and
capitalism. Nations are defined by how the
communities are imagined.
Thanks