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Key Terms
achieving learning outcome-based, students utilize a combination of ­learning
strategies to obtain the highest possible grade in an assignment or course.
authoritarian parenting high in demandingness, low in responsiveness.
authoritative parenting high in both demandingness and responsiveness.
ba zheng dao 八正道 The Noble Eightfold Path, the way to follow to ­ex­tricate
oneself from the Wheel of Karma.
bu ke 補課, bu xi 補習 supplementary lessons, supplementary learning.
Chinese value survey A Chinese tool for measuring cultural values. It
­includes four dimensions, namely social integration, human-heartedness, Confucian work dynamism, and moral discipline.
cognitive model of emotion An appraisal of the environment as the major
component determining emotional responses.
da wo 大我 The large self or the operating self.
da xue 大學 The “great learning”, the lifelong pursuit of moral perfection
by the moralist or junzi.
dao si 道士 Taoist monks.
deep learning involves active questioning to attain understanding of the
learning task.
diagnostic skills in TCM The Chinese terms for these are observation
(wang, 望), listening and smelling (wen, 聞), questioning (wen, 問), and palpation (qie, 切).
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dimensions of emotion A circumplex in which emotion-related words fall
in a circular diagram with the axes depicting varying levels of pleasure–
displeasure and sleepiness–arousal.
face Represents an individual’s claimed sense of positive image in the context of social interaction (Ting-Toomey, 1988). The Chinese words for face
are mian (面), mian zi (面子), and lian (臉).
facework Refers to the strategies used in interpersonal communication to
­enact self-face, and to sustain, support, or challenge another person’s face (TingToomey & Kurogi, 1998).
filial attitude Comprises filial cognition, filial affect, and filial intention.
filial piety In Confucianism, filial piety is deemed to be the most important
virtue and is the precursor of all other virtues. It denotes attitudes of caring
and respect for one’s elders.
gender roles Refers to the culturally defined roles played by men and women.
For example, in the Chinese culture, men are expected to be stern, and women
are expected to be nurturing.
guanxi 關係 Refers to a network of personal ties or personal connections.
hsien 仙 An immortal or celestial being.
Huangdi Neijing 黃帝內經 Translated as The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of
Internal Medicine, this classical text for TCM comprises two parts. Part one is
the “Common or Plain Questions” (su wen, 素問) and part two is the “Spiritual
or Miraculous Pivot” (ling shu, 靈樞).
hyper-recognition of emotions Refers to a situation where, as a result of cultural variants, certain emotions are much more readily recognized than others.
idiocentricism–allocentricism The equivalent of individualism–collectivism
at the level of the individual.
independent construal of self The viewing of oneself as an individual whose
behavior becomes organized and takes on meaning by referring to one’s internal
processes of thoughts, feelings, and actions.
individualism–collectivism A bipolar continuum used in cultural psychology, and the most researched dimension of culture.
interdependent construal of self The viewing of oneself as part of a social
relationship and the realization that one’s behavior is determined by what
one perceives to be the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people in the
relationship.
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jun zi 君子 A moralist and/or gentleman.
karma A Buddhist concept. Karma is deemed to be produced by the things
we do and the accompanying effect of these deeds. It is believed that our
current state of being is the result of past karma (Niwano, 1990).
ke ju 科舉 The civil service examination system in China from 206BC to
1905AD. comprising four tiers: examinations in the prefecture and the province,
an integrated examination bringing candidates from the provinces together, and
the palace examination.
learning facilitation orientation teaching is a facilitative process to help
students develop critical and independent thinking, and problem-solving skills.
li 禮 Propriety, includes a broad range of cognition and behavior from simple
politeness to ritual propriety to understanding one’s correct place in society.
lian 臉 A Chinese word for face, this has been philosophically interpreted as
representing society’s confidence in the integrity of the average person. The
best way of comprehending what lian represents is to understand that when a
person loses his/her lian, it becomes extremely difficult for him/her to operate
properly in society (Hu, 1944).
liu dao lun hui 六道輪迴 The Six Paths of Transmigration.
masculinity and femininity A bipolar dimension of culture. Masculinity is
characterized by the high values placed upon success and achievement. Femininity is characterized by the value placed upon quality of life and caring for
others.
mian 面 or mian zi 面子 Refers to the reputation achieved through getting on
in life, or through success and ostentation (Hu, 1944). Mian zi can be derived
from a number of things, including ascribed and achieved status and social or
non-personal factors (Hwang, 1987).
ming yun 命運 The Chinese term for fate which is made up of two idiographs, 命 (ming) meaning life, and 運 (yun) meaning luck or auspiciousness.
nan zhu wai, nu zhu nei 男主外, 女主內 Literally translated as “men in
charge of the exterior, women in charge of the interior,” this is a Confucian
demarcation of gender roles whereby men are responsible for matters on the
outside, and women are responsible for matters related to the running of the
household. However, men are still recognized as the heads of the family.
negative face Involves one’s quest for autonomy or not being imposed upon
by others (Brown & Levinson, 1987).
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neglectful-rejecting parenting parents who are neither demanding nor
­responsive.
one-child policy Refers to the birth control policy instituted by the government of the People’s Republic of China which limits the number of births to
each couple. In urban areas, couples are allowed to have one child. In rural
areas, two children are allowed, and in some rural villages, couples can continue to bear children if they have previously only had daughters.
permissive parenting parents who are higher in responsiveness than
­ emandingness.
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positive face Involves the upholding of one’s self-esteem or the parts of
self for which one seeks the appreciation and approval of others (Brown &
Levinson, 1987).
power distance Reflects what occurs in a group when differences in power
are perceived.
qi 氣 The vital force in the body, which is a synergy of yin and yang.
reciprocity The obligation most people feel with regard to the care for their
parents in return for the love, care, and concern they have received.
ren 仁 Benevolence, humanity or human-heartedness.
san bao 三寶 The three Taoist virtues of compassion, moderation, and humility.
self-cultivation A Confucian concept which denotes an individual’s lifelong
endeavors to become a moralist and gentleman.
self-in-relations Suggested by Ho (1998), it states that individual behavior
ought to be comprehended in its relational contexts.
shen 神 Literally translated as “soul” or “spirit,” this refers to the spiritual
capacity of the mind.
shen jing shuai ruo 神經衰弱 Also known as SJSR or neurasthenia. Prior
to the 1980s, this was the most popular diagnosis for mental and emotional
distress in China.
shi er yin yuan 十二因緣 The Twelve Yin Yuan, the vicious cycle of rebirths
and fates.
shi nong gong shang 士農工商 a hierarchical structure of social classes
with shi (scholars) at the top of the ladder, followed by nong (farmers), gong
­(artisans), and finally shang (merchants).
si di 四諦 The Four Noble Truths stating that the unenlightened life is one of
suffering; suffering originates from greed; freedom from suffering is ­attainable
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through the cessation of greed; and to attain Nirvana, one has to follow the
eightfold path.
social orientation Put forward by Yang (1995), it consists of four modalities,
i.e., familistic orientation, relationship orientation, authoritarian orientation, and
other orientation.
somatization Refers to the substitution of physical symptoms, including illness, for dysphoric affect (Kleinman, 1980).
son preference Sons are more valued than daughters in the Chinese culture because of their responsibilities in family propagation, providing old age
­security to parents, and performing rites and rituals of ancestral worship.
surface learning mechanical rote learning with a focus on the concrete and
literal aspects of learning.
tao kuan 道觀 A Taoist temple.
tao 道 The order of nature, the way in which the Universe works.
TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) A system of holistic medicine that has
existed in China for over 5,000 years. The classical text for TCM is The Yellow
Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine (Huangdi Neijing, 黃帝內經).
transmission orientation teaching process involving an accurate transmission of the subject.
Uncertainty avoidance Reflects the degree to which people feel threatened
by ambiguous situations, and subsequently created beliefs and institutions to
avoid these.
wu lun 五倫 The five dyadic relationships between ruler and minister, father
and son, husband and wife, older and younger brother, and friends.
wu wei 無為 Literally inaction or inactivity, but in Taoism, this refers to an
attitude of not engaging in any activity, which is contrary to Nature.
wu xing 五行 The five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth, used
to explain and predict natural phenomena. They interact with each other either
through inhibition or enhancement.
xian qi liang mu 賢妻良母 Literally translated as devoted wife, dutiful spouse,
and exemplary mother, this is the role prescribed for women in the Confucian
and Neo-Confucian texts.
xiao jin 孝敬 Filial piety with an emphasis on showing reverence and respect.
xiao shun 孝順 Filial piety with an emphasis on obedience.
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xiao wo 小我 The small self or the private self. The xiao wo is expected to
sacrifice itself for the fulfillment of the da wo.
xiao 孝 The Chinese ideograph for “filial”; filial piety.
xue shi 學習 to learn and to practice what is learnt.
xue wen 學問 to learn and to ask.
yi 義 Righteousness, demonstrated through matching one’s action with what
is right and proper.
yin and yang 陰陽 A Taoist concept that in nature, events and matters always
exist in pairs of contrasting states. Within the context of health, disequilibrium
between yin and yang is deemed to be responsible for feelings and sensations
of distress and discomfort.
yin yuan 因緣 Karma, produced by all of our behaviors, feelings, and thoughts.
yuan 緣 A traditional Chinese system of causal attribution in which it is
de­noted that the occurrence, type, duration, and content of a relationship are
not held to be socially constructed, but to be somehow predestined, inevitable,
and something over which people have limited control. Yuan has been translated as “cause” and “reason” (Yang & Ho, 1989), dependent co-origination
(Dissanayake, 1983), and fatalism (Yeh, Arora, & Wu, 2006), to name just
the more important ones.
yuan fen 緣份 This is distinct from yuan, and refers to a situation where the
conditions for forming a relationship are present and the relationship actually
comes to fruition, such as in a marriage. There is a transient nature to yuan,
whereas yuan fen is more stable and enduring.
zhong 忠 Loyalty.
zhong yong 中庸 The Doctrine of the Mean which exhorts individuals to act
in moderation at all times.
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