Download Cell Division Booklet Mitosis and Meiosis Unit

CELL DIVISION
Cell Division
Check off the assignments as you complete them.
_____ 1. Read “My Planet Diary” on page 92. Complete ‘Interpret Data’ on the right hand side of the
page.
_____ 2. Read ‘What Are the Functions of Cell Division’ at the bottom of page 92.
_____ 3. Read page 93 in your textbook. Complete ‘Identify’ and ‘Challenge’ for Figure 1 on page
93.
_____ 4. Obtain an answer key and check the answers on page 93. Correct anything that is
wrong then return the answer key
_____ 5. Answer questions 1 and 2 in the “Cell Division” notes that start on page 4 of this booklet.
_____ 6. Complete Assess Your Understanding on page 93.
_____ 7. Read page 94. Complete ‘List’ for Figure 2 on page 94.
_____ 8. Obtain an answer key and check the answers for ‘List’ on page 94. Correct anything that
is wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 9. Complete ‘Apply it!’ on the top of page 95.
_____ 10. Obtain an answer key and check the answers for ‘Apply it!’ on page 95. Correct
anything that is wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 11. Read page 95. Complete ‘Compare and Contrast’ for Figure 3 on page 95.
_____ 12. Obtain an answer key and check the answers for ‘Compare and Contrast’ on page 95.
Correct anything that is wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 13. Answer questions 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, and 6 in the “Cell Division” notes.
_____ 14. Read pages 96 and 97. Complete ‘Interactive Art’ on pages 96 and 97.
_____ 15. Obtain an answer key from your teacher and check the answers for ‘Interactive Art’ on
pages 96 and 97. Correct anything that is wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 16. Read page 98. Complete ‘Ask Questions’ on the left hand side of page 98 and ‘Compare
and Contrast’ for Figure 5 on the bottom of page 98.
_____ 17. Obtain an answer key from your teacher and check the answers for ‘Ask Questions’ and
‘Compare and Contrast’ on page 98. Correct anything that is wrong, then return the
answer key.
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_____ 18. Answer questions 7 and 8 in the “Cell Division” notes.
_____ 19. Complete ‘do the math!’ on page 99.
_____ 20. Obtain an answer key from your teacher and check the answers for ‘do the math!’ on page
99. Correct anything that is wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 21. Complete Assess Your Understanding on page 99.
_____ 22. Obtain an answer key for the notes from your teacher and check the answers. Correct
anything that is wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 23. Complete the Mitosis worksheet starting on page 6 of this booklet.
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Cell Division
(Pages 92 – 99)
1. What are the three functions of cell division? (page 93)
2.
How do most organisms reproduce? (page 93)
3.
What is the cell cycle? (page 94)
4.
What happens during the cell cycle? (page 94)
5.
Define the following terms:
a. interphase: (page 94)
b. replication: (page 94)
c. chromosomes: (page 94)
d. mitosis: (page 95)
6.
What is the result of replication? (page 94)
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7. What is cytokinesis? (page 98)
8.
How does cytokinesis differ between plants and animals? (page 98)
Mitosis Worksheet
cell plate
dividing
parent
centromere
division
phase
chromatids
exact
phases
divide
metaphase
repairing
divides
nuclear
Directions: Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading selection.
Cells multiply by dividing. The process known as cell division allows living things to grow bigger. Cell
division also helps living things replace old or injured cells. When one cell divides, two new cells take
its place. The two new cells are called daughter cells.
A human body cell contains 46 (that's two sets) chromosomes. This is called the diploid number of
chromosomes. One set of 23 chromosomes came originally from your father while the other set came
from your mother. These 46 chromosomes contain all the genetic information to make you, you. As
you grow or your body needs ___________________, your cells divide. If you think of chromosomes
as a way of packaging DNA, then mitosis is a way of making sure that the chromosomes and the
DNA they contain are split equally when a cell divides.
Before a eukaryotic cell (that's a cell with a true nucleus) divides, the genetic material in the nucleus
of the cell copies itself. When the cell _______________________, the genetic material divides in
half so that each daughter cell gets genetic material that is the same as the parent cell's genetic
material. The dividing of the ______________________ material is known as mitosis. In the last
stage of cell division, the cytoplasm divides as well. That is known as cytokinesis. There are now two
complete cells where there used to be one.
Cell division occurs in a predictable series of stages or _______________________. These steps
make sure that the new daughter cells are the same as the cell from which they formed. Each stage
has a name.
The first _______________________ actually takes place before cell _______________________
starts. It is called interphase, and is part of the cell cycle but NOT part of mitosis. As a cell prepares
to ________________, each chromosome in the nucleus makes a(n) _______________________
copy of itself. This process is called replication. The two copies are called sister
_______________________ . If you're looking at cells under a microscope, the individual
chromosomes are not visible at this stage.
During prophase, the first phase of mitosis, the nucleus prepares for cell division. The genetic
material shortens and thickens. With a microscope, you can see the chromosomes. The chromosome
copies are held together at their centers by a _______________________, so they look like an X.
The nuclear membrane starts to break down.
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During metaphase, the two copies of each chromosome line up in the center of the cell, called the
_______________________ plate. The copies of the chromosomes are attached to protein fibers
which form the spindle.
During anaphase, the copies separate. One complete set of chromosomes is pulled by the spindle
fibers to one side of the cell. The other complete set is pulled to the other side of the cell. A new
nuclear membrane forms around each set of sister chromosomes.
Telophase is the final stage of cell division. Two groups of chromosomes are now located at opposite
ends of the cell. They begin to uncoil and can no longer be seen with a microscope. In animal cells,
the cytoplasm pinches in at the center of the cell and the cell membrane squeezes together around
the center of the cell, _______________________ the original cell in half. In plant cells, a
_______________________ forms across the middle of the cell creating new cell membranes
between the daughter cells.
When cell division is complete, two new daughter cells are formed. The daughter cells are identical to
the __________________ cell. To help you remember the stages of the cell cycle in order, you can
remember this: I picked my apples today. The first letter of each word of the phrase begins with the
first letter of the phases. I stands for interphase (before mitosis starts), p stands for prophase, m
stands for metaphase, a stands for anaphase, and t stands for telophase.
1. What happens when a cell divides?
2. A human body cell with a diploid number of chromosomes has ______.
98.6 chromosomes
46 chromosomes
23 chromosomes
3. Mitosis is ______.
Dividing of the nuclear material including genetic material
Dividing of cytoplasm
Cell division in prokaryotes
4. Chromosomes are replicated or copied in _____.
Interphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
5. What are the four stages of mitosis?
Interphase, synthesis, prophase, metaphase
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Interphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
6. During metaphase, what happens to the chromosomes?
Each copy goes to opposite ends of the cell.
Both copies line up across the center of the cell.
They are all mixed up and hard to see.
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7. During telophase, what happens?
Two groups of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers pull
them apart.
Two groups of chromosomes go to opposite ends of the cell. The cytoplasm
divides, and two new cells are formed.
The cell is growing and replicates or copies its chromosomes.
8. When cell division is complete, what has been formed?
Two new sister cells with different
chromosomes
Two new daughter cells with identical chromosomes
Two new sister chromotids
CELL CYCLE MINI BOOKLET
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Meiosis
Check off the assignments as you complete them.
_____ 1. Read pages 132-133.
_____ 2. Complete ‘Art In Motion’ on pages 132 – 133.
_____ 4. Obtain an answer key and check the answers on page 93. Correct anything that is
wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 5. Answer questions 1, 2, and 3 in the “What Happens During Meiosis” notes that starts on
page 13 of this booklet.
_____ 6. Obtain an answer key for the notes and check the answers. Correct anything that is
wrong, then return the answer key.
_____ 7. Complete the Meiosis worksheet starting on page 14 of this booklet.
What Happens During Meiosis?
(pages 132 – 133)
1.
What kind of cells are produced in meiosis? (page 132)
2.
What happens during meiosis? (page 132)
3.
How many divisions take place during meiosis? (page 133)
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Meiosis
anaphase
divide
divisions
exception
necessary
organisms
reproduction
sperm
Directions: Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.
Living things reproduce to make more organisms like themselves. When organisms reproduce,
many traits of the parents are passed to the new organism. Reproduction is
______________________ for the survival of the species. If _______________________
didn't reproduce, the species would die out.
Many organisms reproduce by combining cells from two different parents. This type of
reproduction is called sexual reproduction. In sexual _______________________, the offspring
receive genetic material from both parents of different sexes. Plants, insects, animals, some
fungi, and people all make more of themselves by sexual reproduction.
Special cells, sperm and egg cells, are used in sexual reproduction. These cells, called
gametes, form by a type of cell division called meiosis. Cells formed through meiosis have only
half the number of chromosomes or genetic material of the parent cell. For example, most cells
of fruit flies have eight chromosomes, arranged as four similar pairs. But the egg or sperm cells
of a fruit fly have only four chromosomes. Humans have forty-six chromosomes, arranged in
twenty-three pairs. But human egg and sperm cells only have twenty-three chromosomes. How
does this happen?
There are two ways cells replicate: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the simple duplication of a
cell and all of its parts. It duplicates its DNA and divides, and the two new daughter cells are
exactly the same. They have the same genetic code. One cell becomes two cells that are
identical. All cells in the human body ____________ in this way-- all except the egg and sperm
cells.
These cells are different. One egg and one _______________________ cell will join together in
a process called fertilization. If each of them carried a full set of chromosomes, fertilization
would result in a new organism having twice as many chromosomes as it should have. So for
these special cells, there must be two cell _______________________ . This is called meiosis
(pronounced my-OH-sis).
Remember the cell cycle steps of mitosis? They are prophase, metaphase,
_______________________ , and telophase. In meiosis, the cell goes through these steps
twice. Scientists call each group meiosis I and meiosis II, but it is basically just two cell
divisions. The interphase that happens between the two is very short, and the DNA is not
duplicated a second time. Another difference in meiosis and mitosis is that four daughter cells
are created from the original cell. Each of the four cells has half the DNA of the parent cell. This
is known as a haploid cell. Haploid just means that it has half the regular number of
chromosomes. A normal cell with the correct number of chromosomes is called diploid.
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The process of meiosis allows each new offspring to have different genes from the parents.
This process called crossing over mixes up the genes so that the new cells are not duplicates
of the parent cell. In fact, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes, there are over 8
million combinations possible! This is why children are not exactly like their parents. It also
explains why brothers and sisters are never exactly alike.
The only _______________________ to this is in the case of identical twins. Identical twins
form from one egg cell that has been fertilized by one sperm cell. Because they form from the
same 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent, they do have the same genes. Not all twins are
identical. Sometimes twins result from the female releasing two egg cells at the same time.
Each egg cell has different genes, and each egg cell is fertilized by two different sperm cells,
also having different genes. These twins are called fraternal. They may look no more alike than
any other set of siblings. Fraternal twins can be the same sex, or they can be the opposite sex.
Identical twins, however, are always the same sex.
1. Which kinds of cells take part in sexual reproduction?
Brain and body cells
Skin and heart cells
Egg and sperm cells
2. What are gametes?
Skin and heart cells
Egg and sperm cells
Brain and body cells
3. All cells in the human body, except egg and sperm cells, duplicate by:
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Fission
Mitosis
4. Egg and sperm cells duplicate by:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Fission
5. Mitosis results in:
Two cells with identical genes
Four cells with different genes
Four cells with identical genes
Two cells with different genes
6. Meiosis results in:
Two cells with different genes
Four cells with identical genes
Four cells with different genes
Two cells with identical genes
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7. Diploid cells have:
Half the chromosomes of the parent organism
Twice the number of chromosomes of the parent organism
The regular number of chromosomes of the parent
organism
8. Haploid cells have:
Half the chromosomes of the parent organism
Twice the number of chromosomes of the parent organism
The regular number of chromosomes of the parent organism
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VOCABULARY
MEIOSIS
chromatid - one-half of two
identical copies of a replicated
chromosome
chromosome - A chromosome is
a long, stringy collection of
genes that carries heredity
information (DNA) and is
formed from condensed
chromatin.
centromere - region on a
chromosome that joins two sister
chromatids.
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_______________________
CELL DIVISION WEBQUEST
PART 1
The Cell Cycle
Go to http://www.cellsalive.com/
Click on “Mitosis” under the picture labeled “Interactive Eukaryote Cell Cycle.” Read the
text on this page. You may have to scroll down to see it. Complete the chart below.
Which stage does the following occur?
EVENT
STAGE
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Chromosomes align in center of cell
Longest part of the cell cycle
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Cell is cleaved into two new daughter cells
Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles
Click on the read box at the top, left of the page that says “Start the Animation.”
View the animation. Watch it carefully. You can slow down the video by clicking the
button, and moving step by step through the phases.
The colored chromosomes represent chromatids. There are two of each color because
one is an exact duplicate of the other.
How many chromosomes are visible at the beginning of mitosis? ________________
How many are in each daughter cell at the end of mitosis? __________________
The little green T shaped things on the cell are _________________.
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What happens to the centrioles during mitosis?
Identify the stages of these cells:
___________________
_________________
___________________
__________________
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Part 2 Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process That Uses Division to Multiply
Go to the following website and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwcwSZIfKlM
Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process That Uses Division to
Multiply
Mitosis is done by your body cells. This
cartoon illustrates an exception. What type
of cells do NOT undergo mitosis?
Describe how mitosis is important for your
body.
_____________________
____________________
_____________________
____________________
_____________________
____________________
_____________________
_____________________
This illustration is trying to demonstrate
something that mitosis is not. In mitosis,
the cells that are created are
____________________.
Mitosis is just one small part of the cell
cycle! Describe what would occur if cells
were in mitosis more than they were in
interphase.
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
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____________________
Then cells are dividing, it is important to
understand that they have to move
chromosomes equally to both cells. Based
on this illustration, describe what a
chromosome is made of.
Mitosis starts and ends with diploid cells.
That means they have two sets of
chromosomes (both parents each
contribute a set). In humans, how many
chromosomes should be in each of the
diploid cells after mitosis?
________________
_________________
________________
________________
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Sketch the Mitotic Stages
Directions: Sketch the mitotic stages. Label
the chromosomes, spindles, and nucleus
where applicable.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Part 3
Onion Root Tip
Go to http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html
Read the introduction, then click the “next” button.
Study the pictures of each stage of the cell cycle, then click the “next” button.
A small cell will appear, click on the phase where you think it belongs.
You will have 36 cells to classify. When you’re finished, record your data in the chart
below.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Total
Number of cells
36
Percent of cells*
100%
*To calculate percent: number of cells divided by total cells (36) x 100
Part 4
Virtual Cell Animation
Go to: http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/meiosis/first.htm
1. What happens to the DNA during prophase I?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
2. What happens with the homologous chromosomes during prophase I?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
This is called c __ __ __ __ __ __ __
o __ __ __
3. What happens to the connected chromosomes during metaphase I?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
What is an easy way to remember this? (Hint: It has to do with the first letter of
metaphase.)
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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4. Draw, IN COLOR, picture 4 in the space below, paying very close attention to the
colors of the chromosomes.
How do the chromosomes in picture 4 differ from the chromosomes in picture 1?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
When did this change occur? (Hint: Look at the right side of picture 2.)
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
5. What happens during anaphase I? ___________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
6. What happens during telophase I?
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
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7. What happens during prophase II?
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
8. What happens during metaphase II?
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
9. What happens during anaphase II?
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
10. What does elongate mean? (Hint: Google it.)
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
11. What happens during telophase II?
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
 ____________________________________
____________________________________
12.
How many new cells are formed during meiosis?
______________________________
13. What are gametes? (Hint: Google it.)
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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Part 5 Meiosis: The Great Divide
Go to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY
Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Meiosis: The Great Divide
The purpose of meiosis is to make gametes,
also known as sperm and egg cells. In
humans, your body cells have 46
chromosomes. How many chromosomes
are in a sperm or egg cell if, when they
come together to form a fertilized zygote,
there are 46 chromosomes? Write the
correct number of chromosomes next to the
sperm and egg.
Interphase must occur once before
meiosis can happen. (Same thing for
mitosis.) What would happen if
interphase didn’t occur first?
Remember that a cell begins meiosis with
23 chromosomes inherited from mother and
23 chromosomes inherited from father. In
the process of meiosis, chromosomes begin
to match up in homologous pairs. How
would you know if two chromosomes were
homologous?
Crossing over is a very important event
on Prophase I of meiosis! What happens
during crossing over and what is the
significance?
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Meiosis does PMAT twice! That means
there is a prophase 1 and a prophase 2.
There is a metaphase 1 and a metaphase 2,
and so on. If the cartoon below has
chromosomes in the middle of the cell, how
would you know whether it was in
metaphase 1 or metaphase 2?
Meiosis does not always occur without
any difficulties. Describe what occurs
during nondisjunction and the effect on
the resulting cells.
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Keeping mitosis and meiosis in your mind can be a bit tricky. Read the information in the
boxes below. Determine whether they would be correctly place in the mitosis video, the
meiosis video, or both. Write the corresponding number in the proper place in the Venn
diagram.
1
Interphase occurs
only once before
the process
begins.
4
Produces 4 cell
that each have 23
chromosomes for
humans.
2
Process ends with
identical cells.
5
Crossing over
occurs
3
Produces gametes.
6
Process is
important for
growth and repair
Mitosis
Meiosis
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Part 6
PBS: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Go to http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/
Click on "How Cells Divide" then “Launch Interactive”
(NOTE: If the Interactive does not work, click on “Printable Version”)
After viewing the animation, fill out the chart below, by placing a check in the box or boxes
to indicate which the event occurs in (some events might have checks for both mitosis and
meiosis).
Meiosis
Mitosis
Two cell divisions
Centrioles appear
Chromosomes pair up
Spindle fibers form
Two cell divisions
Cytokinesis
Four daughter cells
Cell Division Review
Use the information in this booklet or your textbook (pages 92-99) to answer the following
questions.
Phases of Mitosis
Phase
Event
1.
Prophase
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers.
2.
3.
Anaphase
4.
New nuclear envelope forms
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5. Which stage of the cell cycle usually lasts the longest? ________________
6. During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? _________
7. During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell membrane pinch the cell into two?
____________
Mitosis and Meiosis Word Scramble
Scrambled Word
istmosi
eisisom
seetgma
Clue
Process in of cell division, one cell
turns into two cells
Process in which one cell divides into
four sex cells
Answer
Sex cells
Region where sister chromatids are
attached in a chromosome
rtreonecme
clceeycll
nipesld
sonyteeicks
Process in which cells grow and
reproduce (2 words)
Fibers that attach to the chromosomes
during mitosis or meiosis
Stage in which the dividing cell splits
into two new cells
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CELL DIVISION
C
A
N
C
E
R
V
O
L
U
M
S T E M
Across
4. Series of events a cell goes through as it
grows and divides; the cell ___
6. The phase in which DNA copies itself
8. Holds sister chromatids together
9. When a cell divides, it forms two ___ cells
10. Cells that can become any other cell type;
___ cells
11. Division of the cell nucleus
13. The phase where cytokinesis begins
15. The phase where chromosomes line up
along the equator
Down
1. Division of the cytoplasm
2. Structure made of fibers that help to move
chromosomes during mitosis
3. A chromosome consists of two identical
____
5. Disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth
7. Cells are limited in size by their surface
areas and ____
8. Paired structure that helps to organize the
spindle
12. Cells exchange materials across the cell
____
14. The phase where chromatids separate
16. The phase where chromosomes first
become visible
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CELL DIVISION
“REVIEW AND REINFORCEMENT”
You may use your textbook and notes to complete this review
DIRECTIONS 1-4: Injured and old, worn-out cells in your body are constantly being replaced by new
cells. New cells are produced by the processes of mitosis and cell division. Study the four stages of
mitosis shown in the pictures. Number the stages in the order in which they occur.
Match the names of the stages below with their descriptions.
Then answer the questions.
DIRECTIONS 5-8: Label the name of each stage above.
DIRECTIONS 9-13: Use the word bank bold faced and italicized below to put the best letter in each
blank
A. prophase
C. anaphase
B. metaphase
D. telophase
______9. The doubled chromosomes separate. Single chromosomes move to opposite ends of the
spindle.
______10. Doubled chromosomes form, the nuclear envelope disappears, and the spindle forms.
______11. The cell divides in two.
______12. The spindle disappears. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
______13. Doubled chromosomes line up in the middle of the spindle.
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DIRECTIONS 14-25: Use your understanding of cell division to address each of the following
14. In what stage is a cell before mitosis begins?
_____________________________________________
15. What takes place in the cell during this stage?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
16. What process occurs as mitosis ends?
_____________________________________________
17. How does the cell cycle differ in animal cells and plant cells?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
18. Why is the process of mitosis an important part of the cell cycle?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
19. Write a saying that will help you remember the stages of Mitosis in order. For example, Pass Me
A Tissue. (You may NOT use the example!!!)
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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20. Write the names of the stages of the entire cell cycle in the correct order below:
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
21. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, define the words cell division:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
22. What is the name given to the original cell before it divides? ____________________
23. The two cells formed due to cell division are called ____________________.
24. Mitosis is a form of ____________________ reproduction.
25. The parent cell is ____________________ to the daughter cells.
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