Download Imperialism in Latin America

Imperialism in Latin America
Spanish-American War
Mexico Civil War
AP World History
Chapter 25c
Imperialism in Latin America
Main Idea
Imperialism in Latin America involved the United States and
European nations seeking to strengthen their political and
economic influence over the region.
Monroe Doctrine of 1823
asked European countries not to increase their influence or
recolonize any part of the Western Hemisphere
New Opportunities for Trade
• US Interest in Latin
America
– Bananas, coffee,
sugar and tobacco
• British Interest…
– Wool, wheat, beef and
nitrates for fertilizers
and explosives
Power Struggles in Mexico
Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821 and became a republic in
1823, but political factions struggled for control of the government. Conflicts
caused violence well into the next century.
Early Conflicts
• In the 30 years after
independence,
Antonio López de
Santa Ana
dominated Mexican
politics
• Popular for military
victories
• Served as president
five times
Santa Ana’s Rule
• Began career as
liberal reformer
• As power increased,
became conservative
• Exiled several times;
returned when
enemies defeated
• 1855, overthrown by
group of reformers,
exiled, never returned
Juárez’s Reforms
• Leader of reformers,
Benito Juárez,
reduced power of
Catholic Church,
military
• Conservatives
outraged; civil war
erupted
• Juárez, liberal allies
triumphed
Power Struggles in Mexico
The Second Mexican Empire
Republic Restored
• Conservatives found ally in
Europe
• Maximilian ended up alienating
both conservatives, liberals
• French emperor Napoleon III
wanted to restore French
empire in Americas
• French withdrew troops;
Maximilian did not have enough
support to stay in power;
surrendered; executed
• 1861, sent French troops into
Mexico, overthrew government,
installed Austrian archduke
Maximilian as emperor of
Mexico
• Mexican Republic restored;
Juárez reelected president,
became one of Mexico’s
greatest national heroes
The Mexican Revolution
Díaz’s Rule
• Porfirio Díaz came to power after Juarez’s death
• Ruled with iron fist; maintained law and order in Mexico
• Imprisoned opponents; used army to keep peace at any cost
Modernization
• Díaz helped modernize Mexico by encouraging foreign investment
• Exports boomed; railroads expanded quickly; yet most remained poor
• Wealth concentrated in hands of foreign investors, Mexican elite
The Mexican Revolution
• Díaz controlled outcome of 1910 election; jailed opponent, Francisco Madero
• Madero freed from jail; fled to Texas
• Declared himself president; called for revolution against Díaz government
Villa and Zapata
Madero returned to Mexico, found rebellion spreading.
• Two men gathered support from lowest classes, began
attacking government forces
– Francisco “Pancho” Villa led band of rebels
supporting Madero’s ideas; disgraced Diaz’s
government by capturing city of Juarez, 1911
– Emiliano Zapata led group of indigenous peasants,
called for land reforms
• Díaz soon forced to resign
Mexico Territory in 1821
More Violence
• Madero elected president later that year; turmoil continued
• Within months, army chief Victoriano Huerta seized power,
imprisoned Madero
• Former Madero supporters opposed Huerta
United States Involvement
• Pancho Villa’s army of small ranchers and cowboys in the north and
Zapata’s peasant army in the south revolted against Huerta.
• 1914, United States intervened, sent Marines to occupy Veracruz
• Brought Mexico, U.S. close to war
• Huerta tried to stay in power, but resigned and fled to Spain
Carranza as President
Venustiano Carranza declared himself president. Zapata and Villa
refused support and the nation was plunged into another civil war.
Carranza Opposed
• End of 1915, Venustiano
Carranza had defeated rivals
• Villa continued to lead attacks
against Carranza government
• U.S. backed Carranza; Villa
retaliated, launched attack
across U.S. border
• U.S. forces pursued Villa back
across border, but unable to
capture him
Carranza Reforms
• 1920, Villa finally agreed to
halt attacks, Carranza began
nation building
• New constitution allowed the
government to redistribute
land, limited power of church,
protected citizens’ rights
• Mexico still struggled with
widespread poverty
Sequence
What were the major events of the Mexican
Revolution?
Answer(s): President Porfirio Diaz jailed his
opponent, Francisco Madero; Madero called for a
revolution; Francisco "Pancho" Villa led a band of
rebels who captured city of Juárez; Emiliano
Zapata called for land reforms; Diaz resigned
Growing U.S. Influence
The United States had become a growing economic force in Latin
America by the late 1800s. Economic power and political power grew
together, and the United States exerted its influence and control in
many ways.
Uprising in Cuba
• Island of Cuba one of Spain’s
colonies in the Americas
• 1860s, Cuban nationalists began
fighting for independence
• Spain exiled leaders of nationalist
revolts
Cuban Nationalists
• One exiled leader, José Martí,
continued struggle for
independence from New York City
• Poet, journalist, Martí urged
Cubans to continue fight
• Founded Cuban Revolutionary
Party; returned to Cuba, 1895
Martí was killed in an uprising against the Spanish. Thousands of Cubans were
forced into Spanish-controlled camps where many died.
American Intervention
• British and Falkland Islands (1833)
– No US Intervention
– Had earlier problems w/ Argentina
– Enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine???
• British and Venezuela (1895)
– US intervention
– Motivation=Gold
The Spanish-American War
Sympathy for Rebels
• Many people in U.S. felt sympathy for Cuban rebels
• Viewed Cuban struggle for freedom as similar to American Revolution
• American newspapers urged United States to enter war
War Begins
• February 1898, U.S. battleship Maine exploded in Havana’s harbor
• Many American’s immediately assumed Spain was to blame
• Congress declared war; Spanish-American War began
• Theodore Roosevelt & the Rough Riders – San Juan Hill
Short War
• War disastrous for Spain
• Spanish army defeated in Cuba, navy fleets destroyed in Philippines, Cuba
• U.S. won war within three months
Treaty of Paris
Treaty ending Spanish-American War
• United States received Puerto Rico, Guam
• Agreed to purchase Philippines for twenty million dollars
• Spain agreed to give up Cuba, but U.S. did not want
Cuba to have full independence
– U.S. made Cuba a protectorate by forcing it to include Platt
Amendment as part of new constitution
– Platt Amendment allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuba, approve
foreign treaties, lease land at Guantánamo Bay for naval base
Revolt in the Philippines
Status in Philippines
• Nationalists in the Philippines,
another Spanish colony, believed
Spanish-American war would bring
them independence
Betrayal and Revolt
• Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo,
who cooperated with U.S. forces
against Spanish, felt betrayed
• Rebels revolted against U.S.
• Instead became U.S. colony
No Independence
• Three years of fighting
• More than 200,000 Filipinos died
from combat, disease
• Did not win independence
Ruling Philippines
• Until 1935, U.S. ruled Philippines
through governor appointed by U.S.
president
• 1946, Philippines granted full
independence
The Panama Canal
• U.S. gained control over more territory with building of Panama Canal
• 1880s, French company had tried unsuccessfully to build canal across
Isthmus of Panama, then part of Colombia
• 1903, U.S. bought French property, equipment
• Colombia refused to allow U.S. to build canal
Panama Canal Zone
• U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt
sent warships to support uprising
against Colombia
• Panama declared independent,
signed treaty granting land to build
canal; became Panama Canal
Zone, ruled directly by U.S.
Building the Canal
• 1904-1914, Panama Canal built
• Major medical advances required to
control effects of yellow fever,
malaria on canal workers
• Shortened sea voyage from San
Francisco to New York City by
about 8,000 miles
Benefits of the Panama Canal
• Shortened sea routes from NY to SF by
8,000 miles.
• Atlantic and Pacific fleets could be moved
quicker.
• Central America became a crossroads of
trade.
A Warning to Europeans
Monroe Doctrine
• 1823, Monroe Doctrine declared Americas off limits to European imperialism,
except for colonies that already existed
• Seen as idle threat by U.S. until end of Spanish-American War
Considerable Financial Interests
• Late 1800s, Europe and U.S. had considerable financial interests in Latin
America; many nations there were deeply indebted to foreign creditors
• 1904, European creditors threatened force to collect in Dominican Republic
Roosevelt Corollary
• To protect U.S. interests, maintain stability, Roosevelt announced the
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
• The U.S. vowed to use military might to keep Europeans out of the Americas
Increasing U.S. Power
United States sent troops to several nations in early 1900s
• U.S. forces entered Haiti, the Dominican Republic,
Nicaragua, Cuba to restore civil order
• United States took control of finances in those
countries
• Claimed need to prevent financial chaos
Reality: U.S. used Roosevelt Corollary to become even
more involved in political affairs of Latin American countries
Find the Main Idea
How did the United States gain control over
more territory in the late 1800s and early
1900s?
Answer(s): gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines after the Spanish-American War;
ruled the Panama Canal Zone after supporting an
uprising against Colombia;
sent troops to Haiti, the Dominican Republic,
Nicaragua and Cuba