Download Cell Cycle - Muncy School District

Cell Cycle
Say Thanks to the Authors
Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks
(No sign in required)
To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other
interactive content, visit www.ck12.org
CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to
reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both
in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based
collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to
pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational
content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an
adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook
Platform®.
Copyright © 2013 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org
The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the
terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively
“CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12
Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international
laws.
Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium,
in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link
http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in
addition to the following terms.
Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12
Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance
with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0
Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated
herein by this reference.
Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms.
Printed: September 21, 2013
www.ck12.org
C ONCEPT
Concept 1. Cell Cycle
1
Cell Cycle
• Describe the cell cycle.
Do cells have a life cycle?
Yes, just like a butterfly passes through different phases, such as caterpillar, chrysalis, and adult butterfly, there are a
series of phases in a cell’s life as it gets ready to divide. The sequence of phases leading up to cell division and then
ending with cell division itself is called the cell cycle.
Cell Cycle
The process of cell division in eukaryotic cells is carefully controlled. The cell cycle (Figure 1.1) is the life cycle of
a cell, with cell division at the end of the cycle. Like a human life cycle, which is made up of different phases, like
childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, the cell cycle also occurs in a series of phases.
These steps can be divided into two main components: interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase is the stage
when the cell mostly performs its “everyday” functions. For example, it is when a kidney cell does what a kidney
cell is supposed to do. The cell also gets ready to divide during this time. The cell divides during the mitotic phase,
which consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.
Most of the cell cycle consists of interphase, the time between cell divisions. Interphase can be divided into three
stages:
1
www.ck12.org
1. The first growth phase (G1): During the G1 stage, the cell doubles in size and doubles the number of
organelles.
2. The synthesis phase (S): The DNA is replicated during this phase. In other words, an identical copy of all
the cell’s DNA is made. This ensures that each new cell has a set of genetic material identical to that of the
parental cell. This process is called DNA replication.
3. The second growth phase (G2): Proteins are synthesized that will help the cell divide. At the end of interphase,
the cell is ready to enter mitosis.
FIGURE 1.1
Notice that most of the cell cycle is spent
in interphase (G1, S, and G2).
During mitosis, the nucleus divides. One nucleus becomes two nuclei, each with an identical set of chromosomes.
Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two cells. After cytokinesis, cell
division is complete. The one parent cell (the dividing cell) forms two genetically identical daughter cells (the cells
that divide from the parent cell). The term "genetically identical" means that each cell has an identical set of DNA,
and this DNA is also identical to that of the parent cell. If the cell cycle is not carefully controlled, it can cause a
disease called cancer in which the cells divide out of control. A tumor can result from this kind of growth.
Vocabulary
• cancer: Disease that occurs when the cell cycle is not regulated and cells divide out of control.
• cell cycle: Phases that a cell goes through from one cell division to the next; describes the "life" of a eukaryotic
cell.
• chromosome: Structure made of DNA and proteins that contains the genetic material of a cell.
• cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.
2
www.ck12.org
Concept 1. Cell Cycle
• DNA replication: Synthesis of new DNA; occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
• interphase: Stage of the cell cycle when the cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and prepares to divide.
• mitosis: Division of the nucleus.
Summary
• The cell cycle describes the "life" of a cell.
• Interphase, the stage of the cell cycle when the cell, preparing to divide, is divided into the G1, S, and G2
stages.
• The nucleus divides during mitosis, and the cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis.
Practice
Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
• Cell Division and Cell Cycle at http://vimeo.com/9536315 (5:34)
MEDIA
Click image to the left for more content.
1. Why do you think it is important for a cell to grow before it replicates its DNA? Be as specific as you can in
your answer.
2. What happens during the S phase of interphase?
3. What happens during mitosis?
4. What is the function of spindle fibers? Where do they attach?
5. What is the function of meiosis?
Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are the two main components of the cell cycle?
How many phases are involved in interphase? Mitosis?
What occurs during interphase?
Describe the main events of the mitotic phase.
Define cancer.
References
1. CK-12 Foundation - Hana Zavadska. . CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0
3