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2: Country/Economy Profiles Egypt Key indicators, 2014 GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2014 Population (millions) ........................................ 86.7 GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 286.4 GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,304 GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.87 Egypt 15,000 Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan 12,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 Global Competitiveness Index Rank (out of 140) Score (1–7) Institutions 7 Innovation GCI 2015–2016 .................................................... 116 ..... 3.7 GCI 2014–2015 (out of 144) ................................... 119 ......3.6 GCI 2013–2014 (out of 148) ................................... 118 ......3.6 GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 107 ......3.7 Infrastructure 6 5 Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4 3 2 Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................115 ......3.8 Market size 1st pillar: Institutions ................................................. 87 ......3.6 2nd pillar: Infrastructure ............................................ 91 ......3.4 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .................. 137 ......2.8 4th pillar: Health and primary education ................... 96 ......5.3 Health and primary education 1 Higher education and training Technological readiness Financial market development Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................100 ......3.6 Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency 5th pillar: Higher education and training ................. 111 ......3.2 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency .......................... 115 ......4.0 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency ........................... 137 ......3.2 8th pillar: Financial market development ................. 119 ......3.2 9th pillar: Technological readiness ............................ 98 ......3.2 10th pillar: Market size.............................................. 24 ......5.1 Egypt Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan Stage of development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........113 ......3.2 11th pillar: Business sophistication .......................... 89 ......3.7 12th pillar: Innovation ............................................. 120 ......2.7 1 Transition 1–2 Factor driven 2 Transition 2–3 3 Efficiency driven Innovation driven The most problematic factors for doing business Score* Policy instability .................................................................11.8 Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.5 Poor work ethic in labor force............................................10.4 Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.1 Access to financing .............................................................9.2 Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.2 Foreign currency regulations ................................................7.0 Government instability/coups ..............................................6.1 Inflation ................................................................................5.0 Crime and theft ...................................................................4.5 Restrictive labor regulations .................................................4.4 Corruption ...........................................................................4.1 Complexity of tax regulations...............................................3.9 Tax rates..............................................................................3.2 Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.5 Poor public health ...............................................................1.0 0 * 5 10 15 20 25 From the list of factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The score corresponds to the responses weighted according to their rankings. 160 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum 30 2: Country/Economy Profiles Egypt The Global Competitiveness Index in detail INDICATOR VALUE RANK/140 INDICATOR 1st pillar: Institutions VALUE RANK/140 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.) 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............92 Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ..........108 Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.5 ............61 Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............83 Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.1 ............60 Judicial independence............................................ 4.5 ............45 Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.1 ............25 Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.2 ..........127 Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............60 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............82 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.4 ............70 Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ............99 Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.7 ..........138 Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.9 ..........127 Organized crime ..................................................... 3.7 ..........122 Reliability of police services .................................... 3.3 ..........110 Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............81 Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.3 ............88 Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........133 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............82 Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.4 ..........113 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.1 ..........114 Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........110 Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............70 Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.3 ............55 Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............53 Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 686.1 ............35 Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.5 ..........101 Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 114.3 ............69 Fixed-telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 7.6 ............97 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 Government budget balance, % GDP*............... –13.6 ..........139 Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.2 ..........110 Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 10.1 ..........133 General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 90.5 ..........124 Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.5 ..........105 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.0 ..............1 Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.8 ..............1 Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 16.0 ............35 Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.7 ............16 HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... 0.1 ..............1 Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.9 ..............1 Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 18.6 ............82 Life expectancy, years*......................................... 71.1 ............88 Quality of primary education ................................... 2.1 ..........139 Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.1 ............59 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 86.3 ............80 Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 30.1 ............77 Quality of the education system ............................. 2.1 ..........139 Quality of math and science education .................. 2.6 ..........131 Quality of management schools ............................. 2.5 ..........139 Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.6 ..........132 Availability of specialized training services .............. 2.7 ..........139 Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.7 ..........139 2nd pillar: Infrastructure 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............76 No. days to start a business* ................................. 8.0 ............42 Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.9 ..........129 Prevalence of non-tariff barriers .............................. 4.0 ..........105 Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 14.0 ..........132 Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.4 ..........125 Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.8 ..........113 Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.8 ............80 Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.4 ..........119 Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............46 Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.8 ..........121 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............92 Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.0 ............70 Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............65 Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 36.9 ..........130 Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ..........105 Pay and productivity............................................... 3.2 ..........126 Reliance on professional management ................... 3.1 ..........133 Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........101 Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........108 Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.33 ..........135 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 Availability of financial services ............................... 3.4 ..........129 Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.3 ..........126 Financing through local equity market .................... 3.8 ............55 Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........128 Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............91 Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............70 Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.7 ..........102 Legal rights index, 0–12 (best)* ................................. 2 ..........106 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.9 ..........120 Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.8 ..........126 FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............75 Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 31.7 ............95 Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* .. 3.7 ............91 Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 9.3 ..........101 Mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 43.5 ............68 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.0 ............20 Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.1 ............46 GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 943.1 ............25 Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 16.5 ..........131 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............68 Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.8 ..........109 State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............32 Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.2 ............90 Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............73 Control of international distribution ......................... 3.0 ..........133 Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........108 Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.8 ..........113 Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.2 ............34 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........133 Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.6 ..........128 Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........133 University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.4 ..........132 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............80 Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............45 PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.6 ............77 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency 8th pillar: Financial market development 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment 4th pillar: Health and primary education 5th pillar: Higher education and training 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.2 ..........128 Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ............99 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ............92 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.4 ............90 Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 45.0 ............98 9th pillar: Technological readiness 10th pillar: Market size 11th pillar: Business sophistication 12th pillar: Innovation Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 89. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 161