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English Language Study Guide www.gogsat.com Page 1 Table of Contents PARTS OF SPEECH .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 NOUNS..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 PRONOUNS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 VERBS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 ADJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 ADVERBS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 PREPOSITION ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 CONJUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 INTERJECTIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 PUNCTUATION ................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 COMMAS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 FULL STOPS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 SEMICOLONS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 COLONS .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 DASHES .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 QUOTATION MARKS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 34 HYPHENS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 CAPITAL LETTERS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 APOSTROPHES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 QUESTION MARKS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 SYNONYMS...................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 ANTONYMS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 USING A DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50 SENTENCES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 IDIOMS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 52 WRITING STORIES/ESSAYS............................................................................................................................................................... 53 www.gogsat.com Page 2 Parts of Speech Nouns A noun names a person, an animal, a place or a thing. A common noun names a person, an animal, a place, or a thing in a general way. Examples: 1. The girl hates football. 2. The dog barks too much. Directions: Underline all the common nouns in these sentences. 1. I live on an island. 2. Shalette lives in the city. 3. Simone lives on a continent. 4. Delroy and Simone are going to the market. 5. Pansy goes to church every Sunday. 6. My dad owns a supermarket. 7. I love my car. 8. Usain Bolt is the fastest man alive. 9. She went to see her doctor. 10. I'm not sure of the name of that animal. www.gogsat.com Page 3 Proper Noun A proper noun identifies a particular person, animal, place, or thing. Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. Kenisha hates basketball. Rover barks too much. He will go to Kingston tomorrow. Number Elevens are my favourite mangoes. Directions: Underline all the proper nouns in these sentences. 1. I live on the island of Jamaica. 2. Shalette lives in Kingston. 3. Simone lives on a continent. 4. Delroy and Simone are going to the market. 5. Pansy goes to church. 6. My dad owns a Honda Accord. 7. Volunteers from the Red Cross helped the survivors. 8. Usain Bolt is the fastest man alive. 9. She went to see Dr. Jonas. 10. I love to swim in the Caribbean Sea. www.gogsat.com Page 4 Compound Nouns Some nouns, like Number Elevens, are made out of two or more words. These are compound nouns. United States of America is a compound noun that involves four words. Multi-word compound nouns can be proper nouns: St. Ann's Bay, Mrs. Johnson, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, Honda Civic, Grand Bahama Island, … or common nouns: washing machine, swimming pool, post office, high school, police officer, attorney general, real estate, … Some compound nouns are formed by hyphenating two or more words together: jack-in-the-box, son-in-law, editor-in-chief, check-in, dry-cleaning, drop-out, passer-by, … Other compound nouns are formed by joining two or more words together into a single word: bathroom, rainfall, greenhouse, redhead, toothpaste, haircut, firefly, keyboard, notebook, lookout, … In this last case, the joined-together word and the corresponding separated words can have very different meanings. For example, a greenhouse is a structure (usually made mostly of glass) in which plants are grown. On the other hand, a green house is a house that is painted green. Directions: Underline all the compound nouns in these sentences by clicking each one with your mouse. 1. Finding affordable health care is a real challenge these days. 2. What's your favourite web site? 3. I'll send you a text message when I'm ready. 4. Scar tissue is always a concern after an operation. 5. The bride and groom were sitting at the head table. www.gogsat.com Page 5 Collective Nouns Some nouns like family, choir, flock, and army name a group and are thought of as one. Examples: 1. The family is happy. 2. This choir sings beautifully. Directions: Underline all the collective nouns in these sentences. 1. Swimming in the shallow water was a shoal of herring. 2. Join the army now. 3. What group do you need? 4. Your gang is defeated. 5. The herd has grown large. 6. He pastors a large congregation. 7. A crowd is never safe. 8. He spoke to a large audience. 9. The class is ready to begin. 10. The party is in a good mood. www.gogsat.com Page 6 Number Number in English grammar refers to whether something is singular or plural. The usual way to form the plural is by adding "s", as in dog (singular); dogs (plural); girl (singular); girls (plural). Other ways of forming the plural: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Adding "es" (glass, glasses; fox, foxes) Changing "y" to "ies" (city, cities; fly, flies) Changing "f" or "fe" to "ves" (wife, wives; calf, calves) Changing inside vowels: (foot, feet; man, men) By using the singular form for the plural (sheep, sheep; furniture, furniture) www.gogsat.com Page 7 Plurals Directions: Type the plural form of each singular noun, using lowercase letters only. Singular Plural phenomenon son-in-law beach dish bike man hen pen tool foot www.gogsat.com Page 8 Gender The term gender is used to distinguish masculine (male) and feminine (female). In English grammar there are two other genders: common and neuter. Common gender can refer to either sex (teacher, child, lawyer, doctor, person). Neuter gender has no reference to sex at all (tree, lake, garden, knife). Below is a list of masculine and feminine forms. Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine actor actress conductor Conductress god goddess heir Heiress prince princess lad lass duke host groom nephew duchess hostess hero Heroine bull Cow monk filly dog ewe Lioness Spinster niece ram Deaconess bachelor gentleman heifer www.gogsat.com lion bride steer colt deacon shepherd Lady Nun Bitch Shepherdess Page 9 Pronouns A pronoun stands for a noun (pro means "for"). There are several pronouns: Personal (standing for persons): I you he she it me him her us them my his their our theirs www.gogsat.com Page 10 Reflexive Reflexive (turning the action to the doer): myself yourself herself himself Example: I blame myself. Intensive Intensive (making emphasis) Example: She herself said it. Relative Relative (linking): who which that who whom whichever Example: The book which I read yesterday was interesting. www.gogsat.com Page 11 Interrogative Interrogative (beginning a question): Who? Which? What? Example: What is the cause of all this? Demonstrative Demonstrative (pointing to things): this that these Example: She needs that book. Indefinite Indefinite (referring to indefinite numbers of persons or things): any each few some somebody www.gogsat.com Page 12 Reciprocal Reciprocal (plural reflexive): each other one another Each other usually refers to two, one another to more than two Examples: 1. Jane and Julie hate each other. 2. The dogs and the cats fight one another. Subject I you he she it we they who whoever www.gogsat.com Page 13 Object Pronouns can be used as object. me you him her it us them whom whomever Possessive Pronouns can be used as possessive. my, mine yours his hers its our, ours thier, theirs, whose whosever www.gogsat.com Page 14 Pronouns can be used as subject, as object, or as possessive. Subject Object Possessive I me my, mine her hers you you he him we us she it they who whoever www.gogsat.com it them whom whomever yours his its our, ours their, theirs whose whosever Page 15 Notice some right and wrong uses of pronouns: Wrong: Me and you will go together. Right: You and I will go together. Wrong: They thought that it was him. Right: They thought that it was he. Note: The forms of the verb to be (be, is, am, are, was, were) either take two subjects or two objects before and after them. Wrong: "It is them," they said. Right: "It is they," they said. Wrong: They called him and she. Right: They called him and her. Wrong: Did you see Ken and we at the market? Right: Did you see Ken and us at the market. Wrong: Everyone but he had fled. Right: Everyone but him had fled. (Grammatically the pronoun he is the object of but. The object of a preposition must also be an object. When but means except it is a preposition; when it means only it is an adverb.) Wrong: Between you and I lies the river. Right: Between you and me lies the river. (Note that "between" is a preposition. One never says "between I" in English.) Wrong: They saw both of us off, she and I. Right: They saw both of us off, her and me. (Note: They saw her and they saw me.) www.gogsat.com Page 16 Verbs A verb expresses an action. Since a complete sentence must express an action a sentence cannot be made without a verb, even if the verb is understood. The chief rule of agreement is that verbs and subjects must be alike in number. A singular subject needs a singular verb, and a plural subject needs a plural verb. Examples: 1. Keith plays football. 2. Keith and Kevin play football. Note that the singular form of the verb takes an s. Nouns do the opposite. More Difficult Constructions 1. A description of the boys is necessary. Notice that the subject is description, not boys which is nearest to the verb is. 2. The days of the year are going fast. 3. Collective nouns take singular verbs. Her family behaves quite well. 4. Indefinite pronouns take singular verbs if they are singular. o Everybody wants a horse. o None of the men is here. o Neither the man nor the woman believes it. But: Neither men nor women believe it. www.gogsat.com Page 17 Agreement of Verbs A verb expresses an action. Since a complete sentence must express an action a sentence cannot be made without a verb, even if the verb is understood. The chief rule of agreement is that verbs and subjects must be alike in number. A singular subject needs a singular verb, and a plural subject needs a plural verb. Examples: 1. Keith plays football. 2. Keith and Kevin play football. Note that the singular form of the verb takes an s. Nouns do the opposite. More Difficult Constructions 1. A description of the boys is necessary. Notice that the subject is description, not boys which is nearest to the verb is. 2. The days of the year are going fast. 3. Collective nouns take singular verbs. Her family behaves quite well. 4. Indefinite pronouns take singular verbs if they are singular. o Everybody wants a horse. o None of the men is here. o Neither the man nor the woman believes it. But: Neither men nor women believe it. www.gogsat.com Page 18 Present Tense, Past Tense, Past Participle A verb can be present, past or future. Usually the past tense of the verb is formed by adding "ed". For example: Kill Killed Climb Climbed Knock Walk Knocked Walked Sometimes a form of the verb "to have" is used to form the perfect tense, as in: He has killed. "Killed" here when it is joined with "has" or "have" is not a verb but a past participle. www.gogsat.com Page 19 Irregular Verbs Here is a list of irregular verbs, showing their past tense forms and the participle forms. Present Past Past Participle am Was been arise Arose arisen awake Awoke awoken begin Began begun break Broke bear beat bite blow Bore Beat Bit Blew borne beaten bitten blown broken bring Brought brought cut Cut cut choose come do draw Chose Came Did chosen come done Drew drawn Fell fallen drive Drove freeze Froze frozen grow Grew grown Knelt knelt eat fall give go Ate Gave Went driven eaten given gone hear Heard know Knew known lie Lay lain hurt kneel lay leave www.gogsat.com Hurt Laid Left heard hurt laid left Page 20 lose Lost lost Directions: In the boxes provided, type the present tense and past participle of the verbs whose past tense is given. Present Past 1. Drove 3. fell 2. Ate 4. froze 6. went 5. 7. gave grew 8. heard 10. kept 9. 11. hurt knelt 12. knew 14. left 13. 15. www.gogsat.com Past Participle laid lay Page 21 Future Tense The future tense is formed by adding shall or will to the plural form of the verb. These days shall is hardly used. Examples: 1. I will go tomorrow. 2. She will not see you. 3. They will discover all they need. www.gogsat.com Page 22 Adjectives Adjectives describe (or qualify) nouns or pronouns. In the following sentences blue, wonderful, clean and old are used as adjectives. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. They love the blue sea. The sea is blue. They had a wonderful experience. It is wonderful to live here. The clean sheet had a pleasant smell. We know when it is clean. The old man sat at the gate. They felt he was already old. The big house is empty. Directions: Underline all the adjectives in these sentences. 1. The slim girl is walking down the street. 2. The pretty girl is cooking stew. 3. The short girl is angry. 4. The lovely woman smiles peacefully. 5. She dances happily. 6. This is my fast car. 7. How are you, Bobette? 8. George is handsome. 9. I love ripe bananas. 10. I hate apples. 11. He has an interesting face. 12. I only like red grapes. 13. The house is empty. 14. I just felt a twinge in my left knee. 15. She is dressed smartly www.gogsat.com Page 23 Degree of Comparision Comparing two To compare two things we add "er" to the adjective (fast, faster). If the adjective has more than two syllables we place more before it (more important). He is the smarter of the two. She is more meticulous than her sister. Comparing more than two When we want to compare three or more or we want to suggest the highest degree of something we use "est" (fastest) or add most (most important). She is the quickest in the games. Jamal is the most intelligent young man I have ever met. Positive Comparative Superlative Dear dearer dearest Keen Old Short Great wonderful keener older shorter greater more wonderful Do not use "er" and "more" or "est" and "most" for the same comparison keenest oldest shortest greatest most wonderful Wrong: He is more smarter than the other boy. Right: He is smarter than the other boy. Wrong: Linton is the most kindest person in town. Right: Linton is the kindest person in town. www.gogsat.com Page 24 Adverbs Adverbs describe (or modify) verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often tell how, when, where, and why. Examples: The most common adverbs add "ly" to the adjective: actively, beautifully, carefully, dutifully, effectively, figuratively, gracefully, healthily. www.gogsat.com Page 25 Preposition A preposition links nouns and pronouns in a sentence. Common prepositions: to, from, in, into, on, upon, under. Examples: 1. The food (noun) on (preposition) the plate (noun) is sufficient. 2. Wally has his head (noun) in (preposition) the air (noun). Constant reading will tell you the right preposition to use in a sentence. For example: in and into are not always interchangeable. In indicates position; into suggests movement. Wrong: They are all into the water. Right: They are all in the water. Wrong: They went from the beach in the water. Right: They went from the beach into the water. Directions: In each box, write the preposition that is most suitable in the sentence. Select from this list: across, against, at, in, into, on, onto, upon. 1. Sophia cannot get the river without your help. 2. "I am not interested 3. I will wait your trip," she replied. the gate for you. 4. I think she spent the entire afternoon the phone. 5. The child responded to his mother's demands by walking 6. Since he met his new girlfriend, David never seems to be 7. I'll be ready to leave the fish 8. Paul jumped 9. I like to stand home. the horse and hurt his arm. my window and watch the traffic down the road. 10. Mother hides the game www.gogsat.com the water. the carpet. the barrel in the kitchen. Page 26 Conjunctions A conjunction joins words, clauses, or sentences. Some conjunctions: and, but, if, yet, for, because Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Christopher and Ben ran home. Mae and Fae ran home because they were late. They saw him; but they were not afraid. He will go if you stay. She is angry; yet she is willing to smile. And and but are the most useful conjunctions to join sentences. Examples: 1. He batted in the match. He played well. Joined: He batted in the match and played well. 2. Lawrence came into the room. He chose a chair. He sat down. Joined: Lawrence came into the room, chose a chair, and sat down. 3. He walked five miles. He was in pain. Joined: He walked five miles, but he was in pain. www.gogsat.com Page 27 Interjections An interjection is an exclamation that interrupts the flow of the sentence. Examples: 1. But oh my friends, and ah my foes It gives a lovely light. 2. But he, alas, had left. 3. The dove broods over the nest with warm breast and ah! bright wings. www.gogsat.com Page 28 Punctuation Commas The comma is used to separate words, phrases, or sentences. Examples: 1. He ate bread, mangoes, meat, fish, and rice. 2. He swam in the morning, ran in the afternoon, and slept at night. A comma should not be used to separate a person from a title. Wrong: Agriculture Minister, Roger Clarke, spoke at Denbigh. Right: Agriculture Minister Roger Clarke spoke at Denbigh. But note: Right: The Minister of Agriculture, Roger Clarke, spoke at Denbigh. www.gogsat.com Page 29 Full Stops A full stop (sometimes called a period) is used at the end of a sentence. Wrong: When he came home. He ate his dinner. Right: When he came home he ate his dinner. Wrong: Malcolm was a good student. A boy who studied hard. Right: Malcolm was a good student, a boy who studied hard. www.gogsat.com Page 30 Semicolons The semicolon marks a long pause in the sentence. Sometimes it is used to replace conjunctions. It also separates long phrases or lists. Examples: 1. He gave me; I took it. 2. The semicolon is a stop sign; the colon is a green light. 3. Work when you work; play when you play. www.gogsat.com Page 31 Colons The colon is used to introduce quotations, ideas, or a series of things. Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Larry has discovered our secret: study, study, and more study. The girl had one saving grace: she could sing. They had one thing to say about it: "Don't bring it here." We can't forget George's words: "I will return." There are three things that come not back: the sped arrow, the spoken word, and the low prices. www.gogsat.com Page 32 Dashes A dash introduces a sudden break in a sentence. Example: He came out of the bush — naked. Sometimes dashes are used as parentheses. Example: I am saying — and saying loudly — you are strange. www.gogsat.com Page 33 Quotation Marks Quotation marks are used for articles, chapters in books, sculpture, and paintings. Examples: 1. He wrote "It's Time to Quit" 2. Michelangelo's "David" is one of the world's famous works of sculpture. Quotation marks are used to indicate the exact words of a speaker. Examples: 1. Jane said, "I will go to Hanover if you go to Portland." 2. "I will go there if I wish," Jane said. 3. "I will go there," Jane said, "if I wish." www.gogsat.com Page 34 Hyphens The hyphen is used to join two words, or to join a word that has two parts. Examples: hush-hush, long-distance, twenty-five, three-fourths. www.gogsat.com Page 35 Capital Letters Capital letters are used in several ways: 1. They begin sentences. o You will go to school. o Next day he saw the light. 2. Sometimes a sentence occurs within another sentence: o They often said, "Don't worry, he will come home." 3. Notice that both They and Don't begin sentences. www.gogsat.com Page 36 Apostrophes The apostrophe is used: (1) to show possession, and (2) to indicate that a letter is missing. Examples: 1. Here's the bag with the boy's book. 2. Here's means here is. Similarly he's means he is; we've means we have; I'd means I had in I'd gone, but I would in I'd go. Directions: In each box in the "Contraction" column, write the shortened form of the corresponding word or phrase that is underlined in the "Sentence" column. Sentence Contraction Good news: I am coming home on Saturday. I will phone to let you know the flight time. I have enjoyed myself immensely. I cannot describe it now. On my return you will hear of it. I hope all is well at home. I suggest that you do not tell Daniel. He will phone. You have been very patient. You had better make up the spare bed for me. www.gogsat.com Page 37 Question Marks The question mark (?) is used after questions. Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. Why are you hitting him? Can you tell me where he lives? Will they be here tomorrow? How old are the puppies? Notice that the question mark is used when the words are in the questioner's exact words. This sentence: Jack asked if you could tell him where he lives. does not contain a question, and the question mark should not be used. But notice how this sentence is written: "Could you tell me where he lives?" Jack asked. www.gogsat.com Page 38 www.gogsat.com Page 39 Synonyms a abandon desert, forsake, leave, quit abundant plentiful, profuse, lavish abhor absent acceptable accompany accumulate accustomed acknowledge across address admit advantageous aggravate alarm allow amateur anarchy annual apologize appearance apply approximately artificial assistance attendance available awful www.gogsat.com detest, hate, loathe missing agreeable escort, follow, chaperone collect ordinary, usual admit, endorse over, beyond greet, speech, residence confess, acknowledge, own useful, helpful, beneficial worsen, provoke, heighten frighten, terrify, startle, scare approve, permit unskilled, unprofessional, beginner lawlessness, disorder, chaos, confusion yearly, seasonal repent, regret arrival, emergence employ, use, practice almost, about, nearly false, unreal help, aid presence, participation accessible, convenient fearful, horrible Page 40 B ban prohibit, forbid, outlaw, abolish benefit advantage, gain, asset banish bearable bestow bewilder bisect blunder boring brittle expel, exile, eject, expatriate Tolerable give, grant, present, confer confuse, puzzle, perplex, confound, mystify intersect, cut error, mistake tedious, monotonous, dull, wearisome fragile, breakable bureau office, agency category class, degree, rank C cafeteria chaos commitment compel competent conceit conquer consume convenient corpulent corroborate corrode crystal cunning www.gogsat.com Restaurant confusion, disorder pledge, guarantee Force proficient, fit, qualified egotism, pride capture, seize, subjugate spend, exhaust, eat, drink fit, suitable, appropriate, proper fat, stout, obese confirm, verify, establish rust, erode clear, translucent crafty, sly, clever, shrewd, astute, wily Page 41 D debate argue, discuss, deliberate demeanour behaviour, conduct defer deficient deposit deprive derelict desirable desolate destiny discuss disdain drawback durable E postpone, adjourn lacking, short, inadequate down-payment, accumulation dispossess, rob abandoned pleasing, excellent, appealing, inviting lonely, solitary, uninhabited, deserted fate, lot deliberate, argue, debate scorn, contempt disadvantage, handicap, fault lasting, permanent earnest serious, sincere, determined efficient skilful, able, competent, capable eccentric ecstasy eliminate elude eminent employment endless entire erroneous exorbitant www.gogsat.com odd, peculiar, strange bliss, elation, euphoria remove escape, evade high, reputable occupation, job, vocation ceaseless, eternal, everlasting whole, complete, full wrong, false, mistaken excessive Page 42 F facility ease feasible possible, practicable fascinate fatigue feud final financial flexible foreign fortunate futile G captivate, charm tiredness quarrel, bickering last, decisive, eventual economic, monetary, pecuniary pliable, supple, lithe, yielding strange, alien lucky useless, vain, fruitless, ineffective gait walk, bearing, stride germinate sprout, shoot, grow genius gentle goal grievance guarantee H gift, flair, talent, knack tender, kind, lenient, humane aim, objective, ambition complaint, grouse pledge, promise, certify habit custom, practice, tradition hilarious funny, jocular heroes hideous hopeless hospitable hostile hue humorous hypocrite www.gogsat.com champions, conquerors frightful, repulsive, revolting wretched, despairing, pessimistic sociable, kind, friendly unfriendly colour, tint, complexion amusing, comical pretender, impostor Page 43 I Identify name, recognize, detect, discover Impair spoil, blemish, mar Illiterate Immaculate Inaugurate Increase Integrity Influence Innocent Intercede Intimate Irrigate J unlearned, ignorant stainless, spotless, perfect, clean begin, launch, initiate augment, extend, expand, magnify honesty, morality, sincerity sway, control, authority blameless, guiltless intervene, mediate familiar, confidential, close; hint, suggest flood, water, inundate Jealous envious Just impartial, fair Jest Judicious K keen kin kindle l laborious languid learned legible logical loiter love loyal ludicrous www.gogsat.com joke, prank, fun wise, prudent, astute acute, sharp, astute; eager, earnest, ardent family, relatives light, ignite arduous, hard, toilsome listless, drooping, inactive literate, informed, erudite, versed readable, clear, plain reasonable, sound delay, idle, dawdle, tarry adore, esteem true, faithful, devoted comical, amusing, absurd, funny Page 44 m mammoth huge, enormous, gigantic, colossal, immense, large menial low, base, mean manoeuvre manipulate minute miscellaneous moral morale mutual myth N strategy, operation operate, control, guide, steer tiny, small varied, assorted decent, ethical, good, honest confidence, self-esteem common, joint, shared, reciprocal legend, fable naked rude, bare, exposed neglect ignore, disregard, overlook natural necessary nimble novice nuisance O oblige obliterate obstacle omission oppression optimistic oust www.gogsat.com normal, unrefined, regular, usual essential, needful active, alert, lively, quick, agile beginner, learner, apprentice bother, pest, annoyance constrain, compel destroy, eradicate, erase barrier, block, hindrance, hurdle exclusion, gap, oversight tyranny, persecution, suffering, cruelty confident, hopeful, positive, expectant dislodge, eject, expel Page 45 P painstaking industrious, diligent, conscientious, careful peculiar strange, odd, unusual panic particular permanent persuade pious portray potent precise prejudice primitive prohibit prominent pursue Q terror, fright, alarm, consternation specific, notable, distinct durable, lasting convince, coax, entice, induce, influence devout, godly, religious depict, evoke, show strong, powerful accurate, correct, exact bias, bigotry, discrimination ancient, prehistoric, primeval ban, forbid, prevent, hinder conspicuous, noticeable, bulging, distinguished chase, follow, hunt, seek, aspire queer strange, unusual, odd quote Cite quest quiet R radiant realize rebellion recede recreation recuperate rehearsal reservoir rhythm ridicule ridiculous www.gogsat.com search, mission, expedition silent, calm, peaceful beaming, shining understand, conceive, grasp revolt, mutiny ebb, retreat, subside pastime, amusement, sport recover, revive, convalesce practice, preparation Tank accent, beat, metre, pattern, pulse mock, deride, taunt absurd, nonsensical Page 46 rigid stiff, unbending, firm, inflexible sacrifice offering; surrender ruthless S sample scan secluded sediment severe siege snug specimen squalid statue strenuous substantial suppress suspense synonymous T taint tear tendency thorough thrifty timid tragic tranquil trivial turmoil typical U unanimous unconscious undoubtedly www.gogsat.com merciless, pitiless, cruel specimen, example examine, scrutinize sheltered dregs, deposit, residue strict, harsh, cruel, stern blockade cosy, comfortable original, sample, example shabby, filthy, nasty, repulsive representation, likeness, figure energetic, vigorous, active sturdy, sound; considerable, large conceal, subdue, restrain uncertainty, remainder, balance Similar stain, tarnish, contaminate, pollute, blot cut, split, rupture, rip, slit inclination, disposition complete frugal, sparing, economical shy, bashful, diffident sad, disastrous, dreadful, terrible calm, peaceful, quiet, serene, still, composed little, petty, unimportant, minor uproar, disorder, chaos, commotion characteristic, representative united, harmonious, undivided senseless, insensible, unaware, ignorant, unknowing positively, definitely Page 47 undulating rolling, wavy urgent immediate, pressing unique unusual V vacillate vague valiant vehement velocity venomous verge vicious villain virtue W wan wane wary weary weird whirl wonderful wrath Y yearn yield Z zeal zenith zero www.gogsat.com singular, matchless, exceptional exceptional, different, peculiar hesitate, waver uncertain, indistinct daring, brave, intrepid, courageous, bold fierce, violent, furious speed, swiftness, quickness poisonous, noxious edge, border, brink barbaric, cruel, merciless rascal, scoundrel, criminal goodness, honesty, honour, integrity pale, colourless, pallid diminish, fade, decline, ebb cautious, guarded, watchful tired, fatigued, exhausted eerie, unearthly, uncanny spin, rotate, revolve, turn astounding, fine, marvellous anger, rage, ire, indignation crave, long surrender, submit, concede eagerness, enthusiasm, keenness, fervour apex, top, pinnacle nothing, nought, nil Page 48 Antonyms An antonym means the opposite of the word given. Example: up-down, yes-no, bright-dark. www.gogsat.com Page 49 Using a Dictionary A dictionary can help you learn many words. It tells you how to spell them, how to use them, and how to pronounce them. All the words in a dictionary are entered in alphabetical order. Words beginning with a come before words beginning with b, and words beginning with b come before words beginning with c, and so on. The second letter in words with the same first letter determines the order — then the third letter, and the fourth letter, and so on. Directions: Look up each of these words in a dictionary. abbreviate, accumulate, ache, adjourn, belief, beverage, boundary, brief, brutal, candidate. www.gogsat.com Page 50 Sentences If you haven't been practising you won't find writing so easy. Let us begin at the beginning. • • • Writing is made up of sentences. A sentence has two parts. The first part is the thing you are talking about, called the subject. The second part is called the predicate, which is what you say about what you are talking about. Notice these two sentences: 1. We drove on the North Coast. 2. Jenny Lawrence closed her eyes tightly. In the first sentence we are talking about We, and in the second about Jenny Lawrence. • • • The two subjects then are We and Jenny Lawrence. The predicate for the first sentence is: drove on the North Coast. The predicate for the second sentence is: closed her eyes tightly. www.gogsat.com Page 51 Idioms An idiom is a fixed expression, both grammatically and lexically. It is not possible to replace any of the words in the idiom and retain the idiomatic meaning. For example, to let it all hang out means "to have a very good time". If you said, I'm going to allow it all to hang out this would change the meaning completely and you might be talking about putting the washing out to dry. Some idioms remain in fashion and contribute to the unique character of a language over a long time. It is useful to know these. Some idioms go out of fashion. New idioms come into fashion over a period of time. www.gogsat.com Page 52 Writing Stories/Essays When you tell a story, whether orally or in writing, your aim is to be interesting. You could divide your story into three parts: the beginning, the middle, and the end. Your beginning sets the stage, so it is important for you to have a good start. There are, of course, many ways to start a story. Perhaps the most common is: "Once upon a time …". Sometimes "Once" is sufficient. Examples: 1. Once, in a sweltering Italian city named Verona, one man wronged another. 2. There was once a king, an old king, the foolish, tired, vain old king of England. In the middle or body of the story you decide what happens to the people (or animals) in your story. Your story will be more effective if things happen that could happen in real life. You should let the people in your story (called characters) speak and act like real people. You conclude your story by making something happen that flows from what has gone on before. You will have to decide what kind of end you want: expected or unexpected, happy or sad. You will not find story writing so difficult if you base your story on something you have experienced or something you have heard about. You can make the people in your story act and speak like people you know. www.gogsat.com Page 53