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Share with Your Students Name Human Organ Systems Date STUDENT RESOURCE 1.1 INFORMATION SHEET Vocabulary cell the smallest living part of an organism The human body has trillions of cells. A chicken egg has only one cell surrounded by food. organ a group of tissues that work together to carry out a certain function Organs in the human body include the brain, eye, skin, tongue, kidney, liver, and lung. organ system a group of organs that work together to carry out a certain function The function of the digestive system is to break food down into simple chemicals that the body can use. tissue a group of cells that work together to carry out a certain function Blood is a tissue. Blood carries nutrients, oxygen, and water to cells throughout the body. It carries carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells. 1. Make copies of Student Resource 1.1, Vocabulary, and distribute to students. Discuss the definitions with students as the terms come up throughout the section. 2. Ask: What organ systems can you name? (Students should be able to name the digestive, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, excretory, muscular, and skeletal systems. They may also name other systems, such as the immune and reproductive systems.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. 3. Discuss the major functions of each system. Then ask students to give examples of systems working together. (Answers will vary. Example: The digestive system breaks food down into tiny particles that cells can use. The circulatory system carries the particles to every cell in the body.) HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 9 Student Resource 1.1 (p. 9) Name What Do Cells Look Like? Date Parts of a Cell STUDENT RESOURCE 1.2 INFORMATION SHEET Plant Cell Small Groups 30 minutes Nucleus Objectives • Students observe plant and animal cells with a microscope. Cell wall Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell membrane Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. Animal Cell • Students draw and label the major cell structures of plant and animal cells. Materials For each viewing station Alternative: For the teacher 2 *microscopes 1 2 *teacher-prepared slides (see In Advance, page 2) *video/microscope projection system (optional) 2 *teacher-prepared slides (see In Advance, page 2) *Not provided in kit 10 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS Student Resource 1.2 (p. 10) 4 • EXPERIENCE SCIENCE What Do Cells Look Like? (continued) Name Date What Do Cells Look Like? STUDENT RESOURCE 1.3 ACTIVITY SHEET Student Resources • 1.2 Parts of a Cell Inquiry Focus • Compare • 1.3 What Do Cells Look Like? Plant Cells 1 Look at the slide of onion cells. Draw what you see. 2 Label the cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Cell wall Nucleus Cytoplasm Animal Cells Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. 3 Look at the slide of cheek cells. Draw what you see. 4 Label the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. In Advance Set up viewing stations around the room, with two microscopes and two prepared slides at each station. Prepare one slide with onion cells and another slide with human cheek cells, following the instructions from In Advance page 2. Focus the microscopes beforehand. As an alternative, use a video/microscope projection system to show each slide to the entire class at the same time. Cell membrane 1. Discuss cell structures. Make a transparency of Student Resource 1.2, Parts of a Cell, and project it for the class. Point out each labeled structure and discuss its function, using the Vocabulary page you distributed earlier. Cytoplasm Nucleus 5 What is the function of the nucleus? The nucleus controls what the cell does. HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 11 Student Resource 1.3 (p. 11) Safety Caution students who are allergic to iodine not to touch the slides you prepared. Also tell students not to turn the coarse adjustment wheel on the microscope. A Onion cells as seen under low power 2. Students observe plant and animal cells. Make copies of Student Resource 1.3, What Do Cells Look Like? and distribute to students. Have groups observe the onion cells and cheek cells at the microscope stations you have set up. Explain that the yellowish-brown color of each cell’s nucleus is from the iodine you used to stain the cells and make their parts visible. 3. Students draw and label cells. Have students draw the onion and cheek cells on the What Do Cells Look Like? Resource page. Have them label the cytoplasm and nucleus in one cell of each kind and the cell wall in one onion cell. 4. Discuss likenesses and differences between plant and animal cells. Ask: How are plant and animal cells alike? (Both have a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm.) How are they different? (Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. Plant cells are rectangular; animal cells are more rounded.) Explain that the cell wall gives plant cells a more angular shape. Assessment A Cheek cells as seen under low power Ask: What structure do plant cells have that animal cells do not have? (a cell wall) Which cell structure controls all the cell’s activities? (the nucleus) SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 5 Name Date STUDENT RESOURCE 1.4 INFORMATION SHEET Digestive System Salivary Glands Salivary glands in your mouth make saliva. Saliva breaks down starches into sugars. It also makes food slippery so it can pass easily down your throat. Stomach The inside of the stomach has folds. The folds give more area for breaking down food. Smooth muscles are inside the stomach wall. Smooth muscle contracts without your thinking about it. The contractions crush and grind food. The stomach lining releases digestive juices that help break down food. Large Intestine (Colon) The colon absorbs water from the waste that is left after food is digested. Smooth muscle inside the colon’s wall contracts to push the wastes along. Liver The liver makes bile. Bile breaks fats into small droplets so they can be digested in the small intestine. The liver also breaks down harmful chemicals so your body can get rid of them. Objectives • Students observe slides of human body cells, tissues, and organs. Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue contains fat cells. Fat is a source of energy for your body. It also helps keep your body warm. If you eat more food than your body needs right away, the extra is stored in fat cells. Small Intestine The fingerlike structures are called villi. Villi have tiny blood vessels inside them. Villi absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. Smooth muscle in the intestine’s wall contracts to push food along. • Students infer the function of a body system from its structure. Student Resource 1.4 (p. 12) Name STUDENT RESOURCE 1.5 INFORMATION SHEET Heart The muscle fibers you see are cardiac muscles. They are from the heart. The heart is a strong muscle that pumps constantly without your thinking about it. It pumps blood to the lungs to collect oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. It pumps blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen to body cells and collect wastes. • • 1.5 Circulatory System human body slides, prepared *microscopes • 1.6 Respiratory and Excretory Systems *Not provided in kit • 1.7 Nervous System • • 1.8 Muscular and Skeletal Systems Station 1: 1.4 Digestive System (7 slides) Station 2: 1.5 Circulatory System (3 slides) Station 3: 1.6 Respiratory and Excretory Systems (4 slides) Station 5: 1.8 Muscular and Skeletal Systems (4 slides) • You also might want to make and distribute copies of the Resource pages so students can take notes and draw structures as they view the slides. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. Student Resource 1.5 (p. 13) • Set up microscope stations for viewing the slides. Next to each microscope, tape the corresponding Student Resource that describes what students will view. Station 4: 1.7 Nervous System (3 slides) HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 13 6 • EXPERIENCE SCIENCE Student Resources • 1.4 Digestive System In Advance • There are 21 slides. If you have enough microscopes, set up one microscope for each slide. Otherwise, help students change the slides on the single microscope at each station. Date Circulatory System Blood The tiny red dots you see on the slide are red blood cells. The purple blobs are the nuclei of white blood cells. Red blood cells are tiny enough to fit into the smallest blood vessels. Red blood cells carry oxygen to body cells. White blood cells help your body fight diseases. Materials For the class Inquiry Focus • Observe 12 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS Artery and Vein Arteries look hollow and round and have thick walls. The thick walls have layers of muscles for moving blood through the body. Veins have thinner walls than arteries. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood toward the heart. Whole Class 50 minutes Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. Taste Buds The tongue has many taste buds. They are located between the bumps you see. Taste buds sense four basic flavors—sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. You can taste many more flavors because taste is also affected by your sense of smell. Observing Human Body Slides 1. Students observe the slides. Tell students they will observe slides that show different human body cells, tissues, and organs. Instruct them to read the Resource page that goes with the slides at each viewing station. Allow ample time for students to view all 21 slides. Observing Human Body Slides (continued) Name 2. Discuss structure/function. Encourage students to infer how structure is related to function. For example, ask: How is the structure of blood related to what it does? (Answers will vary. Example: Red blood cells are tiny, and there are many of them. Having lots of tiny red blood cells helps move oxygen through small capillaries to reach every cell in the body.) Date STUDENT RESOURCE 1.6 INFORMATION SHEET Respiratory and Excretory Systems Respiratory System Excretory System Lung The holes you see are tiny sacs called alveoli. Each lung has about 500 million alveoli. Blood vessels called capillaries surround the alveoli. Blood in the capillaries picks up oxygen in the alveoli and leaves carbon dioxide. The larger hole you see is a tube for bringing outside air to the lungs. The tube also takes carbon dioxide out of the lungs. Cartilage surrounds the tube and protects it. Kidney Each kidney has about one million tubes called nephrons. The nephrons remove wastes from the blood. The larger round structures with purple dots are where wastes are removed. Many of the long, hollow structures are tubes that carry wastes to the bladder. Scalp Hair grows from hair follicles on your skin. The scalp is covered with hair follicles. You can see the follicles as long, thin clear spaces. The dark area in some follicles is hair. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. Skin The skin is the largest organ of the body. It has two layers. The dark purple layer you see is the outer layer. The pink layer is the inner layer. The inner layer has sweat glands that release sweat to cool the body. The sweat also has extra salt that the body doesn’t need. 3. Discuss the organization of human body systems. Ask: From what you observed on the slides, how are different body systems alike? (All systems are made of many cells. Cells are grouped together. Several different groups of cells could be seen on many slides.) How are they different? (Different kinds of cells are different sizes and shapes and have different functions.) Assessment Ask: From looking at the slides, what can you infer about the structure and function of human body systems? (Each system is made of cells, tissues, and organs that work together. The structure of each system is different because the functions are different.) 14 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS Student Resource 1.6 (p. 14) Name Date STUDENT RESOURCE 1.7 INFORMATION SHEET Nervous System Cerebrum and Cerebellum The cerebellum is the part of your brain that makes your movements smooth and controls balance. The cerebrum is the part of the brain that controls most thinking. Notice the deep folds that give more area for storing information. Nerve Nerves are long and thin and carry information from one place to another in the body. The small purple dots are the nuclei of nerve cells. Name Date Muscular and Skeletal Systems Skeletal Muscle Muscle fibers are long, thin strands that contract and relax to move your bones. Muscles respond to signals from your brain and spinal cord. Bone, Decalcified This bone has had its calcium removed so you can see the structures inside it. The structure of bone makes it strong and keeps it from being too heavy. Bone has a thin, hard outer layer and a spongy inner layer. Inside, the bone is hollow and contains bone marrow. Bone, Ground Bone is made of cells that are surrounded by hard calcium. The dark spots in the rings are the bone cells. The large dark spot in the center is a canal that has blood vessels in it. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. Cartilage Use your thumb and index finger to bend your ear and the end of your nose. These parts of your body are made of cartilage. Cartilage also connects your ribs to your breastbone. Cartilage is flexible. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. Spinal Cord The spinal cord has a membrane around it. This membrane protects the spinal cord. The spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain. The backbone protects the spinal cord. HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 15 Student Resource 1.7 (p. 15) STUDENT RESOURCE 1.8 INFORMATION SHEET 16 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS Student Resource 1.8 (p. 16) SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 7