Download Human Organ Systems

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Name
Human Organ Systems
Date
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.1
INFORMATION SHEET
Vocabulary
cell the smallest living part of an
organism
The human body has trillions of
cells. A chicken egg has only one cell
surrounded by food.
organ a group of tissues that work
together to carry out a certain function
Organs in the human body include
the brain, eye, skin, tongue, kidney, liver,
and lung.
organ system a group of organs that
work together to carry out a certain
function
The function of the digestive system
is to break food down into simple
chemicals that the body can use.
tissue a group of cells that work together
to carry out a certain function
Blood is a tissue. Blood carries
nutrients, oxygen, and water to cells
throughout the body. It carries carbon
dioxide and other wastes away from
cells.
1. Make copies of Student Resource 1.1, Vocabulary, and distribute to students. Discuss the definitions with students as
the terms come up throughout the section.
2. Ask: What organ systems can you name? (Students
should be able to name the digestive, circulatory, nervous,
respiratory, excretory, muscular, and skeletal systems. They
may also name other systems, such as the immune and
reproductive systems.)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
3. Discuss the major functions of each system. Then ask
students to give examples of systems working together.
(Answers will vary. Example: The digestive system breaks
food down into tiny particles that cells can use. The circulatory system carries the particles to every cell in the body.)
HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 9
Student Resource 1.1 (p. 9)
Name
What Do Cells Look
Like?
Date
Parts of a Cell
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.2
INFORMATION SHEET
Plant Cell
Small Groups
30 minutes
Nucleus
Objectives
• Students observe plant and animal cells with a microscope.
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
Animal Cell
• Students draw and label the major cell structures of plant and
animal cells.
Materials
For each viewing station
Alternative: For the teacher
2
*microscopes
1
2
*teacher-prepared
slides (see In Advance,
page 2)
*video/microscope projection
system (optional)
2
*teacher-prepared slides (see
In Advance, page 2)
*Not provided in kit
10 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS
Student Resource 1.2 (p. 10)
4 • EXPERIENCE SCIENCE
What Do Cells Look Like? (continued)
Name
Date
What Do Cells Look Like?
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.3
ACTIVITY SHEET
Student Resources
• 1.2 Parts of a Cell
Inquiry Focus
• Compare
• 1.3 What Do Cells Look Like?
Plant Cells
1 Look at the slide of onion cells. Draw what you see.
2 Label the cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
Cell wall
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Animal Cells
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
3 Look at the slide of cheek cells. Draw what you see.
4 Label the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
In Advance
Set up viewing stations around the room, with two microscopes and
two prepared slides at each station. Prepare one slide with onion cells
and another slide with human cheek cells, following the instructions
from In Advance page 2. Focus the microscopes beforehand. As an
alternative, use a video/microscope projection system to show each
slide to the entire class at the same time.
Cell membrane
1. Discuss cell structures.
Make a transparency of Student Resource 1.2, Parts
of a Cell, and project it for the class. Point out each
labeled structure and discuss its function, using
the Vocabulary page you distributed earlier.
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
5 What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus controls what the cell does.
HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 11
Student Resource 1.3 (p. 11)
Safety
Caution students who are allergic
to iodine not to touch the slides
you prepared. Also tell students
not to turn the coarse adjustment
wheel on the microscope.
A Onion cells as seen under low
power
2. Students observe plant and animal cells.
Make copies of Student Resource 1.3, What Do
Cells Look Like? and distribute to students. Have
groups observe the onion cells and cheek cells at the
microscope stations you have set up. Explain that the
yellowish-brown color of each cell’s nucleus is from
the iodine you used to stain the cells and make their
parts visible.
3. Students draw and label cells.
Have students draw the onion and cheek cells on the
What Do Cells Look Like? Resource page. Have them
label the cytoplasm and nucleus in one cell of each kind
and the cell wall in one onion cell.
4. Discuss likenesses and differences between plant
and animal cells.
Ask: How are plant and animal cells alike? (Both
have a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm.) How
are they different? (Plant cells have a cell wall, but
animal cells do not. Plant cells are rectangular; animal
cells are more rounded.) Explain that the cell wall gives
plant cells a more angular shape.
Assessment
A Cheek cells as seen under low
power
Ask: What structure do plant cells have that
animal cells do not have? (a cell wall) Which cell
structure controls all the cell’s activities? (the
nucleus)
SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 5
Name
Date
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.4
INFORMATION SHEET
Digestive System
Salivary Glands Salivary glands in your
mouth make saliva. Saliva breaks down
starches into sugars. It also makes food
slippery so it can pass easily down your
throat.
Stomach The inside of the stomach has
folds. The folds give more area for
breaking down food. Smooth muscles
are inside the stomach wall. Smooth
muscle contracts without your thinking
about it. The contractions crush and
grind food. The stomach lining releases
digestive juices that help break down
food.
Large Intestine (Colon) The colon
absorbs water from the waste that is left
after food is digested. Smooth muscle
inside the colon’s wall contracts to push
the wastes along.
Liver The liver makes bile. Bile breaks
fats into small droplets so they can be
digested in the small intestine. The liver
also breaks down harmful chemicals so
your body can get rid of them.
Objectives
• Students observe slides of human body cells, tissues, and organs.
Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue contains
fat cells. Fat is a source of energy for
your body. It also helps keep your body
warm. If you eat more food than your
body needs right away, the extra is
stored in fat cells.
Small Intestine The fingerlike structures
are called villi. Villi have tiny blood
vessels inside them. Villi absorb nutrients
into the bloodstream. Smooth muscle
in the intestine’s wall contracts to push
food along.
• Students infer the function of a body system from its structure.
Student Resource 1.4 (p. 12)
Name
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.5
INFORMATION SHEET
Heart The muscle fibers you see are
cardiac muscles. They are from the heart.
The heart is a strong muscle that pumps
constantly without your thinking about
it. It pumps blood to the lungs to collect
oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
It pumps blood throughout the body to
deliver oxygen to body cells and collect
wastes.
•
• 1.5 Circulatory System
human body slides,
prepared
*microscopes
• 1.6 Respiratory and
Excretory Systems
*Not provided in kit
• 1.7 Nervous System
•
• 1.8 Muscular and Skeletal
Systems
Station 1: 1.4 Digestive System (7 slides)
Station 2: 1.5 Circulatory System (3 slides)
Station 3: 1.6 Respiratory and Excretory Systems (4 slides)
Station 5: 1.8 Muscular and Skeletal Systems (4 slides)
• You also might want to make and distribute copies of the
Resource pages so students can take notes and draw structures
as they view the slides.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
Student Resource 1.5 (p. 13)
• Set up microscope stations for viewing the slides. Next to each
microscope, tape the corresponding Student Resource that
describes what students will view.
Station 4: 1.7 Nervous System (3 slides)
HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 13
6 • EXPERIENCE SCIENCE
Student Resources
• 1.4 Digestive System
In Advance
• There are 21 slides. If you have enough microscopes, set up one
microscope for each slide. Otherwise, help students change the
slides on the single microscope at each station.
Date
Circulatory System
Blood The tiny red dots you see on the
slide are red blood cells. The purple
blobs are the nuclei of white blood
cells. Red blood cells are tiny enough to
fit into the smallest blood vessels. Red
blood cells carry oxygen to body cells.
White blood cells help your body fight
diseases.
Materials
For the class
Inquiry Focus
• Observe
12 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS
Artery and Vein Arteries look hollow
and round and have thick walls. The
thick walls have layers of muscles for
moving blood through the body. Veins
have thinner walls than arteries. Arteries
carry blood away from the heart. Veins
carry blood toward the heart.
Whole Class
50 minutes
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
Taste Buds The tongue has many
taste buds. They are located between
the bumps you see. Taste buds sense
four basic flavors—sweet, sour, salty, and
bitter. You can taste many more flavors
because taste is also affected by your
sense of smell.
Observing Human Body
Slides
1. Students observe the slides.
Tell students they will observe slides that show different human body cells, tissues, and organs. Instruct them
to read the Resource page that goes with the slides at
each viewing station. Allow ample time for students to
view all 21 slides.
Observing Human Body Slides (continued)
Name
2. Discuss structure/function.
Encourage students to infer how structure is related to
function. For example, ask: How is the structure of
blood related to what it does? (Answers will vary.
Example: Red blood cells are tiny, and there are many
of them. Having lots of tiny red blood cells helps move
oxygen through small capillaries to reach every cell in
the body.)
Date
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.6
INFORMATION SHEET
Respiratory and
Excretory Systems
Respiratory System
Excretory System
Lung The holes you see are tiny sacs
called alveoli. Each lung has about
500 million alveoli. Blood vessels called
capillaries surround the alveoli. Blood
in the capillaries picks up oxygen in the
alveoli and leaves carbon dioxide. The
larger hole you see is a tube for bringing
outside air to the lungs. The tube also
takes carbon dioxide out of the lungs.
Cartilage surrounds the tube and
protects it.
Kidney Each kidney has about one million
tubes called nephrons. The nephrons
remove wastes from the blood. The
larger round structures with purple dots
are where wastes are removed. Many
of the long, hollow structures are tubes
that carry wastes to the bladder.
Scalp Hair grows from hair follicles on
your skin. The scalp is covered with hair
follicles. You can see the follicles as long,
thin clear spaces. The dark area in some
follicles is hair.
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Skin The skin is the largest organ of the
body. It has two layers. The dark purple
layer you see is the outer layer. The pink
layer is the inner layer. The inner layer
has sweat glands that release sweat to
cool the body. The sweat also has extra
salt that the body doesn’t need.
3. Discuss the organization of human body systems.
Ask: From what you observed on the slides, how
are different body systems alike? (All systems are
made of many cells. Cells are grouped together. Several
different groups of cells could be seen on many slides.)
How are they different? (Different kinds of cells are
different sizes and shapes and have different functions.)
Assessment
Ask: From looking at the slides, what can you
infer about the structure and function of human
body systems? (Each system is made of cells, tissues, and
organs that work together. The structure of each system is
different because the functions are different.)
14 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS
Student Resource 1.6 (p. 14)
Name
Date
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.7
INFORMATION SHEET
Nervous System
Cerebrum and Cerebellum The
cerebellum is the part of your brain
that makes your movements smooth
and controls balance. The cerebrum is
the part of the brain that controls most
thinking. Notice the deep folds that give
more area for storing information.
Nerve Nerves are long and thin and carry
information from one place to another
in the body. The small purple dots are
the nuclei of nerve cells.
Name
Date
Muscular and Skeletal Systems
Skeletal Muscle Muscle fibers are long,
thin strands that contract and relax to
move your bones. Muscles respond to
signals from your brain and spinal cord.
Bone, Decalcified This bone has had
its calcium removed so you can see the
structures inside it. The structure of bone
makes it strong and keeps it from being
too heavy. Bone has a thin, hard outer
layer and a spongy inner layer. Inside,
the bone is hollow and contains bone
marrow.
Bone, Ground Bone is made of cells that
are surrounded by hard calcium. The
dark spots in the rings are the bone cells.
The large dark spot in the center is a
canal that has blood vessels in it.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
Cartilage Use your thumb and index
finger to bend your ear and the end
of your nose. These parts of your body
are made of cartilage. Cartilage also
connects your ribs to your breastbone.
Cartilage is flexible.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
Spinal Cord The spinal cord has a
membrane around it. This membrane
protects the spinal cord. The spinal cord
carries messages to and from the brain.
The backbone protects the spinal cord.
HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 15
Student Resource 1.7 (p. 15)
STUDENT RESOURCE 1.8
INFORMATION SHEET
16 • HUMAN BODY • SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS
Student Resource 1.8 (p. 16)
SECTION 1 FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS • 7