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Autotrophs: Organisms that have the ability to produce their own _____________ compounds such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids. All autotrophs carry out some sort of _____________ __ -­‐ a series of chemical reactions in which they take in _______ and __________ and produce ______ and ____________(1 type of organic compound). Photosynthesis is actually divided into two types of reactions: The __________-­‐_____________ reaction and the _________-­‐ __________________ reaction. The Light Reaction takes place in the _________ membrane of the ________. It involves an _____________ transport chain in which _______________ is the electron donor in both _____________. The electron from PSII is used to ______ H+ ions from the ____________ to the __________. The electron from PSI is used to reduce NADP+ to ________. Meanwhile, H+ ions form a ___________ gradient in the lumen. Some of the H+ are donated by __________. Eventually, H+ ions __________ through a protein channel composed of _____ _________. The leaking of H+ ions supplies energy to ________________ ADP to _____. ATP and N ADPH are used to _________ the light-­‐independent (AKA _________ reaction). Cell Energy Heterotrophs: Organisms that must ______ organic compounds produced/consumed by other organisms to survive. In order to convert organic compounds (i.e. glucose) to _______, autotrophs and heterotrophs alike, must carry out cellular ________________. In this series of chemical reactions _________ may or may not be used. When oxygen is utilized, 1 molecule of ___________ is worth ____ ATPs to a living cell. ATP is the molecule that allows the cell to do _________ by donating a free phosphate (______). _______________ respiration consists of three total phases, while _____________ respiration only consists of two phases. The Dark Reaction (AKA ___________ Cycle) occurs just after the light reaction in the __________ of the ________________. ______ is “fixed” by the enzyme ______________ as it is added to ________. The Calvin Cycle is fueled b y products of the _________ reaction. Enzymes modify RuBP into 6 3 -­‐ carbon molecules known as ______. One G3P is used per Calvin Cycle to start the process of making glucose. Because glucose has ____ carbons, _____ G3Ps will be needed. The Calvin Cycle is an important pathway for agriculture. It is the only pathway used b y C3 plants. The d ownfall: _____________ also has an affinity for ______ and on hot, dry days when C3 plants close their __________, thus lowering _____ levels, _____ is fixed instead of _____, essentially lowering the plant’s _______ production. Two types of plants that have adaptations to allow them to avoid the process of ________________ include ______ and _____ plants. C4 plants have the ability to fix ______ in low levels (with the help of ____ carboxylase), while CAM plants take in plenty of CO2 during the _________ and store the CO2 in an acid. Both types of plants still utilize the ____ pathway, however, to produce glucose. The purpose of Cellular respiration is to convert organic compounds (i.e. __________) to ______. Many living things on earth carry out this process. The first phase, known as _____________ occurs in the ___________ of the cell. This series of reactions gives rise to 2 molecules of __________ which make their way to the _________________ of the cell and enter the ____________ Cycle. Electron carriers, _________ and _________ must be converted to _________ during ____________ phosphorylation. Oxygen is the _________ electron acceptor during this process. During ____________ respiration, _____ glucose molecule is converted to _____ ATPs. An alternative pathway, known as anaerobic respiration or ______________, can occur without the presence of ____________. Glucose still enters ______________ and the overall net gain in energy is _____ ATPs. The purpose of fermentation is to recycle ______ molecules so that glycolysis can continue to occur. The two types of fermentation include ______________ and ___________ ________ -­‐ named for their byproducts.