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Teacher Resource Bank Explanation of terms GCSE Religious Studies SpeciÞcation A Unit 12 Buddhism These terms appear in the SpeciÞcation and so knowledge and understanding of their meaning may be required in an examination. Term DeÞnition Abhidhamma (Abhidharma) 1. The third book of the Pali Canon in Theravada Buddhism. 2. The philosophy of Buddhism. 3. Further or Higher Teaching. abortion The deliberate termination (ending) of a pregnancy, usually before the foetus is twenty-four weeks old. anatta (anatman) No self, no soul; the Universal Truth that the soul is insubstantial; that people change over their lives; denial of a real or permanent self. anicca (anitya) Impermanence, instability, not permanent, etc. ascetic A life free from worldly pleasures (especially sexual activity and consumption of alcohol) often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals. bhikkhu (bhikshu) A fully ordained Buddhist monk. bhikkhuni (bhikshuni) A fully ordained Buddhist nun. Bodh Gaya A place of pilgrimage for Buddhists in North India, where Siddartha became enlightened and so referred to as Buddha. Buddha 1. Historically the Buddha – the enlightened one. 2. An awakened or enlightened person. conservation Looking after the environment and protecting animals. dhamma (dharma) Universal law; ultimate truth; the teachings of Buddha. discrimination To act against someone on the basis of sex, race, religion, etc. Discrimination is usually seen as wrong. dukkha (duhkha) Suffering; ill; everything leads to suffering; unsatisfactoriness. ‘engaged’ Buddhism The state of Buddhahood, wherein the mind is puriÞed of all faults and Þlled with the qualities necessary to lead beings to freedom from suffering. This is the goal of Mahayana Buddhists. It also relates to the active response of many Buddhists to the social and political ills in the world. enlightenment Wisdom or understanding enabling clarity of perception. equality That people should be given the same rights and opportunities regardless of sex, religion, race, etc. euthanasia Inducing a painless death, by agreement and with compassion, to ease suffering. From the Greek meaning ‘Good Death’. The Five Moral Precepts To not kill any living being, refrain from stealing, refrain from wrongful sexual activity, refrain from lying, refrain from taking drugs and alcohol that cloud the mind. The Four Noble Truths Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Magga (suffering, the cause of suffering, the end of suffering, the path to the end of suffering). kamma (karma) Literally ‘action’. Deliberate actions that affect the believer’s circumstances in this and future lives; cause and effect. karuna Compassion or pity. Part of the spiritual path. magga (marga) Path. ‘The Middle Way’ which leads to freedom from suffering (The Fourth Noble Truth). metta (maitri) Loving kindness. A pure love, which is not possessive and which does not seek to gain. Middle Way Involves abstaining from addictive sense-pleasures and nurturing the set of “right” actions that are known as the Noble Eightfold Path. Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 46924/SpecA/12 Teacher Resource Bank Explanation of terms GCSE Religious Studies SpeciÞcation A Unit 12 Buddhism These terms appear in the SpeciÞcation and so knowledge and understanding of their meaning may be required in an examination. Term DeÞnition Noble Eightfold Path The way to wisdom; mental training and the way of morality. Eight stages to be practised simultaneously. nibbana (nirvana) To reach a state of perfect peace where the individual experiences liberation from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. Nirodha The end of suffering is to get rid of desire and craving (the Third Noble Truth). ordination The process by which individuals are set apart to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. prejudice Unfairly judging someone before the facts are known. Holding biased opinions about an individual or group. samatha Meditation; a state of calmness. samsara The circle of births, death and re-birth, which can be transcended by following the Eightfold Path. samudaya The causes of suffering (the Second Noble Truth). Sangha The community or assembly, of monks, nuns, lay men and lay women, depending on the form of Buddhism practised. Sarnath The Deer Park at Sarnath is a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists, because it there that Buddha preached his Þrst sermon. stupa A burial mound. sutta (sutra) The word of the Buddha. tanha (trishna) Desire, which causes suffering. The attempt to grasp at the things we enjoy. temple A structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer. Three Baskets The Tipitaka. Three Marks of Existence Sometimes known as the Three Universal Truths: dukkha, anicca, anatta (unsatisfactoriness, impermanence, no self). Three Refuges Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha. Three Universal Truths Dukkha, anicca, anatta (unsatisfactoriness, impermanence, no self). Tipitaka (Tripitaka) A collection of texts, the Vinaya, Sutta and Abhidamma. Literally means “Three Baskets”, or Pali Cannon. Upasikas Lay people. upasakas Followers of Buddhism who are not monks, nuns or novices. vinaya The rules of discipline of Buddhist monastic life. vipassana (vipashyana) Insight into the true nature of things; meditation. Wesak A South East Asian Buddhist festival celebrating the Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and parinibbana. 46924/SpecA/12 Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. Teacher Resource Bank Explanation of terms GCSE Religious Studies SpeciÞcation A Unit 12 Buddhism Useful terms (teachers might wish to include these in the delivery of the unit) Term DeÞnition Anapanasati (Anapanasmrti) Mindfulness of the breath. Basic meditation technique, associated with the development of concentration and calm, but also used in the training of the Vipassana (insight). active euthanasia The ending of a life by a deliberate action, such as by giving a patient a fatal injection. biodegradable Able to be broken down by bacteria in the environment. Bodhisatta (Theravada) A wisdom being. One intent on becoming, or destined to become, a Buddha. Gotama, before his Enlightenment as the historical Buddha. Bodhisattva (Mahayana) A being destined for enlightenment, who postpones Þnal attainment of Buddhahood in order to help living beings. Buddha rupa A statue of the Buddha/the body of the Buddha. climate change Changes to the climate, believed by some scientists to be irreparably damaging, that have been caused by human lifestyles. emergency aid Also known as short term aid. Help given to communities in a time of disaster or crisis, eg food during a famine, shelter after an earthquake. extinction When all members of a species have died out and that species will never exist on Earth again. foetus Fertilised ovum from eight weeks. Hinayana 1. ‘Lesser vehicle’: a form of Buddhism which focuses primarily on the individual achieving nibbana; a derogatory term for Theravada Buddhists. 2. Theravada Buddhism. kasina A method for developing concentration by focussing on an object or shape, usually a coloured disc. long term aid Helping needy people to help themselves by providing the tools, education and funding for projects. Mahayana Buddhism A form of Buddhism which includes both the lay and monastic communities. Literally “Greater Vehicle”, it focuses on achieving enlightenment for the sake of all beings. It is the Buddhism of China, Tibet and Japan. Mara The evil one, the tempter. parinibbana (parinirvana) Final and complete nibbana, achieved by Buddhas at their death. passive euthanasia Allowing a terminally or incurably ill person to die by withdrawing or withholding medical treatment that would only prolong the suffering and have no real beneÞt. Pure Land Buddhism Form of Buddhism emphasising faith and chanting. Siddattha Gotama The name of the historical Buddha. sila Morality. Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism Form of Buddhism found in Sri Lanka and South East Asia. Vajrayana Literally, “indestructible vehicle”. The tantric form of Mahayana Buddhism practised primarily by Tibetan Buddhists. Zen Buddhism A form of Mahayana Buddhism which stresses the value of meditation. Developed in China and Japan. Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 46924/SpecA/12 Teacher Resource Bank Explanation of terms GCSE Religious Studies SpeciÞcation A Unit 12 Buddhism Notes: Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and QualiÞcations Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Dr Michael Cresswell, Director General. 46924/SpecA/12 aqa.org.uk