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Parts of Speech Resource Sheets Nouns are words that name persons, places, things, or ideas. A common noun names any one of a class of people, places, things or ideas. It is not specific. A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea, and it is capitalized. Common Nouns writer park boy school book Proper Nouns Gary Soto Felker Park Andrew George Walton Academy Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words. Separate Words post office middle school hot dog Compound Nouns Hyphenated Words mother-in-law editor-in-chief commander-in-chief Combined Words doorknob railroad toothpaste Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun. An antecedent is the noun that a pronoun refers to. For example, Lucy lost her wallet. The pronoun is her and it is referring to Lucy; therefore, Lucy is the antecedent. A personal pronoun refers to a person or thing. These can be used as the subject, objects, or possessives. 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person Personal Pronouns Singular I, me, my, mine you, your, yours he, him, his, her, hers, she, it, its Plural we, us, our, ours you, your, yours they, them, their, theirs A demonstrative pronoun points out a specific person, place, or thing. hint: demonstrative=demonstrate Demonstrative Pronouns Singular this, that Ex: This is my favorite jacket. Plural these, those An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a question. who whom whose which Ex: Whose is that? Which is yours? what An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, or thing, but not specifically. Singular somebody anybody nobody everybody someone another anyone no one everyone something anything nothing everything one neither each much Indefinite Pronouns Plural both many few several others Singular or Plural all any most none some either Ex: Each of the girls has a new puppy. Several of the students have the flu. Most of the money is paper. A relative pronoun is used to join a dependent (subordinate) adjective clause the word it modifies. Relative Pronouns who whom whose which that Ex: The man who owes me money skipped town. A reflexive pronoun refers back (reflects) to the subject of the sentence. An intensive pronoun is used for emphasis (intensifies) and refers back to its antecedent. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Ex: I gave myself a great Christmas present. (reflexive) The President himself said he would not raise taxes. (intensive) Verbs are used either as action or linking words. They are a crucial part of a sentence. An action verb shows something happening or being done. They can be singular or plural and regular or irregular. Action verbs also are time-telling and are written in tenses. Ex: Travis believed in the tooth fairy until he was twelve. Cynthia will run in the track meet next Saturday. A linking verb is used to join or connect the subject with a predicate nominative, a predicate adjective, or a predicate pronoun. Linking Verbs is seem* *NOTE: Some verbs can be linking am appear * are become/became* or action. was remain* To test to see if a linking verb: were stay* be grow* 1. Replace the verb with a been turn* form of be, and it makes being taste* sense. look* feel* 2. There must be a word in the sound* predicate that is linked back to smells* the subject. These are the most common linking verbs. Ex: American flag, Mexican restaurant, Friday night, Ex. She was the team favorite. – Linking Verb I tasted the cake. - Action Verb The cake tasted yummy. – Linking Verb A verb phrase is made up of the helping verbs and the main verb. In a verb phrase the helping verb/s come first, then the main verb. Ex: I have been studying for six hours. hv hv mv is been did must am has should can Helping Verbs are was have had would could will shall were do may being be does might Adjectives are used to describe and modify nouns and pronouns. They tell which one, what kind, how much, and how many. Ex: The green, football-shaped watermelon tasted sweet. A demonstrative adjective is used to point out. Demonstrative Adjectives this that these Ex: This movie is the best. Adverbs are used to indicate manner, time, place, cause or degree and tell how, when, where, to what extent and sometimes why. They modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Ex: The very beautiful girl walked quickly to her desk. Although many adverbs end with the suffix –ly, many do not. Adverbs so more outside soon often up very seldom rather always tomorrow almost too not well never yesterday sometimes late even downstairs far above fast below less inside These are a few adverbs that do not end with –ly. those Prepositions are words that show a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. A preposition is used to begin a prepositional phrase. A predicate adjective or a subject complement follows a linking verb and describes the subject. Ex: The watermelon tastes sweet and juicy. Ex. The book on the table is opened to the chapter about WWII. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun; therefore, it is capitalized. In the example the words on, to, and about are prepositions, and the words table, chapter, and WWII are the objects of the prepositions. The object of a preposition will always be a noun or pronoun. A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, the object of the preposition, and its modifiers. Prepositional phrases are either adjective phrases or adverb phrases. In the above example on the table is telling which book; therefore, it is an adjective phrase. Prepositions about above across after against along among around at because of before behind below beneath beside(s) between beyond but by concerning despite down during except excepting for from in in front of inside in spite of instead of into like near of off on onto out outside over past regarding since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon up to with within without with regard to with respect to Conjunctions are words that are used to link or join words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinating conjunctions are the most commonly used conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions F for A and N nor B but O or Y yet S so Ex: Ty and Mia went to the movie, but they missed the previews. Interjections are words that show strong emotion. They may be followed by an exclamation mark, a comma, or a period. Interjections ouch, oh no, gosh, hey, jeez, aw shucks, oh boy Ex: Oh no, I forgot my homework. Hey! That’s my umbrella you just took! In addition to the parts of speech, students should be able to identify the subject and predicate of a sentence and apply the basic mechanics of writing. For further practice with the parts of speech, please explore the following websites: http://classroom.jc-schools.net/basic/la-grammar.html http://www.chompchomp.com/menu.htm Grammar Text – Elements of Language Holt – ISBN 978-0-03094193-1 Students will be able to access the text online.