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GREECE Goal 2 – Part A World History Geography Sea – surrounded by Aegean, Ionian and Black sea. Liquid highways linked Greece to other societies. Sea’s made for good trade and travel. Geography Land – Rugged mtns covered 75% of Greece. Diffcult to unite the Greeks under one government because of the mountainous terrains and different regions. 25% of land was farmable. Greeks could grow grains, grapes and olives. Not a lot of water irrigation to support large farms. Geography Climate – moderate temperatures for entire country. Most spent time outdoor doing outdoor activities. Trojan War 1200 B.C. – Mycenaean’s fight a 10 year war with Troy. One of the major causes of the war was control over major waterway in that of the Aegean Sea. Love Affair…… Legend is that another major cause of the war was the love affair between Prince Paris of Troy and Helen of Sparta. Married to Menelaus. Paris kidnapped Helen and made her Helen of Troy Helen – most beautiful known to man. Writers and Greek Mythology Homer – blind man, who was the greatest storyteller according to Greek tradition. Epics – narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds. Iliad “wrath” Written by Homer About the epic battle between Achilles and Prince Hector of Troy. Iliad is the story of Achilles and his wrath against all. The Odyssey Written by Homer 10 year journey of Odysseus and events that were found throughout his journey. Mythology Myths – traditional stories sought to explain the events in life. Zeus – Ruler of the Gods Hera – Wife and older sister of Zeus; jealous of Zeus and his relationship with other women. Athena – Goddess of Wisdom, Zeus’s daughter. Athens named for her. 750 – large city states were created Polis – political unit that included the city and the surrounding countryside. (50 – 500 square miles) Politics Acropolis – a fortified hilltop where the males of the community conducted meetings and business. Monarchy – king or monarch ruled Aristocracy – small group of nobles and landowners. Very rich group of people that gained wealth by being in military for kings. Oligarchy – ruled by few powerful people. Tyrants – powerful individuals who gained more power by gaining support from the poor. Military Bronze is replaced by Iron. Rich were no longer the only people that were capable of affording to arm/defend themselves. New Kind of army formed with citizens. Phalanx – foot soldiers standing side by side with shields and spears. SPARTA = Military State 2 parts to Spartan Government 1) Assembly – all free males, elected officials and voted on major issues. 2) Council of Elders – propose laws for the assembly to vote on. Ephors – 5 elected officials who carried out laws, controlled education and prosecuted court cases. SPARTA = Military State Population Groups: 1) Natives – original descendants of 1st inhabitants. 2) Non – Citizens, but free merchants 3) Helots – Peasants forced to stay on the land they worked and kept half of the crop they farm 4) Slaves SPARTA = Military State Women – managed estates while the husbands were gone either during the war or to the polis. Could not vote and when husband was home role was to raise the children. Did own property and were taught reading and writing. Spartan Girls – Ran, Wrestled and played sports. SPARTA = Military State King Leonidas Spartan Boys – age of 7 left home and moved into military barracks. No shoes, tunics, porridge and hard benches were to make the boys tough soldier boys. 600 – 371 B.C. – Most Powerful Army in Greece Values – Duty, Strength and Discipline over Individuality, Beauty and Freedom. Athens = Free Thinkers Democracy – government that is ruled by the people. The people of Athens. Only free adult males counted as citizens and could participate in political decisions. Slaves formed 1/3 of population Athens = Free Thinkers Athenian women – focused their attention on child raising and housework. No role in government and very little to do with the city’s intellectual life. Persian Wars Greece vs. Persian Empire Battle of Marathon – 25,000 Persians cross Aegean Sea to take on 10,000 Athenians. Athenians in phalanxes withstood the wave of Persians who wore light armor and had no training in this type of fighting. Persian War Xerxes marched untouched down coast of Greece. Met resistant at Thermopylae of 7,000 Greeks (300 Spartans). Persian War Greeks felt a sense of pride and confidence after they drove out the Persian Threat. Athens became the leader an 140 city-states alliance called the Delian League. Athens enters “Golden Age” in poetry, drama, sculpture, philosophy, architecture and science for next 50 years. Goal 2 – 3 goals for Athens Pericles – politician and general 1) strengthen Athenian democracy - direct democracy – gov’t in which citizens rule directly 2) strengthen empire – created a strong navy and control trade in surrounding waterways. 3) glorify Athens – bought gold, ivory and marble - Parthenon Goal 2 – Drama Plays were a tribute to the gods and civc pride. Tragedy – serious drama about love, hate, war and betrayal. Comedy – scenes with crude humor and slapstick situations. Goal 2 – Peloponnesian War Sparta declares war on Athens in 431 B.C. because Athens is becoming a vast Naval empire. Both sides push for war. Sparta gains edge when Athens is hit by plague and victory at Syracuse. Goal 2 - Philosophers Socrates – believed absolute standards existed for truth and justice. Plato – student of Socrates, wrote the republic, perfectly governed society Aristotle – questioned the nature of the world and human belief and thought. Goal 2 - Alexander Alexander takes over Macedonia when King Phillip is murdered. King Phillip had made Macedonia a power with his professional army and new phalanxes tactics (16x16) Goal 2 - Alexander Alexander was only 20 when he became king of Macedonia. Taught by Aristotle, aspired to be Achilles. Alexander secured Greece, invaded Perisa, marched into Egypt and throughout SW Asia and India. Goal 2 - Alexander Alexander dies at age 33 from fever. Alexander’s empire would be split into 3 parts. Blend of Egyptian, Greek and Eastern customs. Goal 2 – Hellenistic Culture After Alexander’s death, a vibrant new culture emerged. Greek culture (Helenic) blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. The African city of Alexandria became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. Set at mouth of Nile River. (Beautiful) Science and Technology During the Hellenisitic period, the center of scholarship gradually shifted away from Athens and moved to Alexandria. Here that modern Astronomy began to be studied Hipparchus Greek Astronomer who invented the system of longitude and latitude used on maps and sky charts. Mathematics and Physics Euclid-highly regarded mathematician who opened school of geometry in Alexandria. Physics Archimedes-studied at Alexandria. Accurately estimated the value of Pie! Also explained law of the lever, and invented the Archimedes Screw and the catapult!