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Key to Word and Phrase Notes, p.1 of 5
Key to Word and Phrase notes
These notes are meant as a starter toolkit, for your initial work with the Japanese texts we'll be
studying. They should help serve as a bridge to studying the texts on your own, with modern
translations, dictionaries, and other reference works of your choosing.
The romanized transcription used here mimics kana spelling of the time, so in a variety of
syllables the accepted classical pronunciation cannot be had by simply reading with today's
sound values. For both the old kana spelling (旧仮名遣い kyuu kanazukai) and the romanized
transcription, you'll have to learn which spellings represent which sounds.
The pronunciations that you'll learn to associate with these spellings will be those of "classical
Japanese", i.e. the ways they're conventionally pronounced as 古文 today--which don't
necessarily correspond to how they were said at the time the texts were written. Words from
today's Japanese are transcribed after the romanized system in Jorden & Noda, Japanese: the
Spoken Language.
A portion of each inflected form (活用形 katuyookei) of words cited in these notes is sometimes
capitalized (e.g. verb arI or auxiliary kerI), in order to mark the portion of that form that differs
from at least one other form of the same word. For example, the final /i/ written with capital "I"
in arI differs in just that spot from several other inflected forms of the same 'be' verb: arA, arU,
arE. Similarly, kerU differs in just that position from kerI and kerE, two other inflected forms of
the same auxiliary.
When the particular inflected form of a verb, adjective or copula is irrelevant to the point being
made, this capitalization will be dispensed with, so that, for example, an all-lower-case ari 'be'
refers simply to that verb, keri simply to that auxiliary.
Asterisks refer to non-attested but hypothesized or reconstructed forms. "X < Y" means "X
derives from Y," i.e. Y in some way formed the basis for the newer item X.
Also: cJ = 'classical Japanese', mJ ='modern Japanese', OJ = 'Old Japanese' (Nara Period), EMJ
'Early Middle Japanese' (Heian Period). Other abbreviations will be introduced as we go along.
For further information on abbreviations and terms/concepts, please keep reading.
Key to Word and Phrase Notes, p.2 of 5
Abbreviations for terms/concepts more specific to Japanese
The concepts, categories, and terms below are used in the instructional materials presented in the
site's Word and Phrase modes for studying the Taketori text passages. An initial capital letter in a
term indicates that the word is being used in the specific sense described here, which may differ
from its "everyday" meaning.
A
Adjective (形容詞 keiyoosi)
Adjectival Noun. Refers to either:
1. the initial, non-copula portion of 形容動詞 keiyoodoosi 'descriptive verbs', such
AN
as the siduka of 静かなり siduka.nari, or the daudau of 堂々たり daudau.tari,
or
2. nouns such as aka 'red', ao 'blue(green)', haya 'quick(ly)', kuro 'black', etc. (which
form the roots of the corresponding 形容詞 keiyoosi '[inflecting] adjectives').
Aux
Auxiliary (助動詞 zyodoosi 'auxiliary verb')
Cont
Continuative (= perfect, progressive, or resultative) Aux tari, (a)ri
Cop
Copula
DI
Doubted Identity, expressed by focus (kakari) particle ka
EF
Established Fact, or evidential past and perfect expressed with Aux ki
EEF
Externally Established Fact, or evidential present, past, or perfect expressed with Aux
keri
EndoPf Endoactive Perfective Aux nu; also referred to as intransitive perfective
ExoPf Exoactive Perfective Aux tu; also referred to as transitive perfective
IdF
Identifying Focus, expressed by focus (kakari) particle zo
IF
Inclusive Focus, expressed by focus (kakari) particle mo
Loc
Locative, i.e. indicating location
N
Nominal, Noun
P
Predicator, i.e. an A, V, or N+Cop (plus any optional Auxiliaries)
Pt
Particle
QP
Quantifying Particle, e.g. ha (i.e. wa), mo, nomi 'only', etc.
RF
Restrictive Focus, expressed by focus (kakari) particle ha
V
Verb
Vi
Verb, intransitive, i.e. intransitive verb
Vst
Verb, stative (= rahen). E.g. ari, wori, haberi, etc.
Vt
Verb, transitive
Key to Word and Phrase Notes, p.3 of 5
Abbreviations (romanized) for Japanese grammatical terms
(Japanese abbreviations in parentheses)
Verb (“V”) classes
1D itidan (⼀一段) 'monograde'
K2 kami nidan (上⼆二段) 'upper biggrade'
S2 simo nidan (下⼆二段) 'lower bigrade'
4D yodan (四段) 'quadrigrade'
KH ka-hen (カ変) = ka-gyoo henkaku カ⾏行変格 'ka-column irregular'
NH na-hen (ナ変) = na-gyoo henkaku ナ⾏行変格
RH ra-hen (ラ変) = ra-gyoo henkaku ラ⾏行変格
SH sa-hen (サ変) = sa-gyoo henkaku サ⾏行変格
Adjective (“A”) classes
ku
(ク) ＝ ku-katuyoo ク活⽤用
siku
(シク) ＝ siku-katuyoo シク活⽤用
Abbreviations (Japanese) for Japanese part-of-speech terms
(Terms commonly used in 古語辞典 kogo ziten 'dictionaries of early Japanese')
名
名詞
meisi 'noun'
動
動詞
doosi 'verb'
⾃自動
⾃自動詞
zidoosi 'intransitive verb'
他動
他動詞
tadoosi 'transitive verb'
形
形容詞
keiyoosi 'adjective'
形動
形容動詞
助動
助動詞
補助動 補助動詞
接尾
接尾語
keiyoodoosi 'adjectival verb'
zyodoosi 'auxiliary verb'
hozyodoosi 'supplementary auxiliary verb'
setubigo 'suffix'
Key to Word and Phrase Notes, p.4 of 5
助
助詞
接助
接続助詞
zyosi 'particle'
setuzoku zyosi 'conjunctive particle'
Abbreviations for texts (selected literary works) in Japanese
Gm Genji monogatari 'The Tale of Genji'
Im Ise monogatari 'Tales of Ise'
Kks Kokin waka shū/Kokin shū 'Collection of poetry old and new'
Km Konjaku monogatari shū 'Collection of tales of things now past'
Kn Kagero nikki 'The Gossamer Diary'
Mys Man'yōshū 'Collection of 10,000 leaves'
Om Ochikubo monogatari 'The Tale of Lady Ochikubo'
Tm Taketori monogatari 'Tale of the Bamboo Cutter'
Tn Tosa nikki 'Tosa Diary'
Basic Terms and Concepts: see notes in the program for more on each.
Complementizer
A marker of information that complements, or supplements, what the
governing verb expresses. Most commonly refers to particle to.
Compound
a word with more than one part
compound
a N typically derived from more than one source word, the
N(oun)
second of which is a N.
a V typically derived from more than one source word, the
compound
second of which is a V.
V(erb)
Deictic time
words
Words that refer to a time in a way that is dependent on, or relative to, the
speaker's here-and-now, e.g. ima 'now', kehu 'today', etc.
Deixis
Referring ('pointing') to some entity that the speaker regards as present in the
immediate communicative context, or as accessible through/from it.
Derivation,
derived from
Created from. For example, "The auxiliary keri is derived from ki + ari.", or
"Locative particle ni was derived from the short RY of the copula nIRY
'being'. The formulas "X < Y" and "Y > X" are often read as "X is/was
derived from Y."
Governing
X governs Y if it stands in a higher or inclusive ("superordinate") structural
relation to Y, i.e. X applies to Y, or X applies over Y. In Japanese, auxiliaries
govern the verbs (and other auxiliaries) that they follow; particles govern the
phrases they attach to.
Nominal
A noun, a noun phrase (multiword), or a nominalized clause.
Key to Word and Phrase Notes, p.5 of 5
Nominalization
Treating a structure that does not normally function as a nominal (e.g. a verbpredicated clause) as a nominal.
Noun
Also called "lexical noun," a single, non-inflecting word that is routinely used
in roles such as subject, object, etc., and in reference to time-stable entities
such as people, objects, locations, etc.
Particle
Case particle
(格助詞)
A word that invariably occurs following the word it applies to. Particles
typically relate what they mark to some other element higher up in the
structure that they occupy a place in, e.g., in 都に帰る miyako ni kaheru
'returns to the capital', Loc particle ni relates miyako 'capital' to kaheru
'returns', as the goal in that act of movement.
These mediate ideational relations within a phrase, clause or sentence by
marking something as part of the "who, what, where," etc. referred to, such
as possessor (genitive ga, no), origin/source (yori, ni, kara), goal/destination
(ni), direction (he), limits (made), etc.
Focus particles
These particles indicate a perspective to be taken. There are two types, one
more concerned with identifying, the other, with quantifying.
Identity-focused
focus particles
Identity-relevant focus particles are strongly identifying (ka, zo, koso) and
weakly so (ya, namu). All are used sentence-finally too, but they're named
kakari zyosi for their use in marking the focused component (the kakari) of
the focus-presupposition kakari-musubi construction. Ka and zo functioned
in quasi-copular ways, asserting an identification (Kore zo. 'It's this one.'),
seeking one (idure ka 'which one is it', or with zo, demanding one (tare zo
'who is it?').
Quantificational
focus particles
RF ha, IF mo, nomi 'only', sahe 'even', etc. Basically concerned with relations
of “how much” or “how many”, vis-à-vis the following predicator phrase.
Unlike the identifying focus particles, none of these required the following
predicator phrase to be marked with RT or IZ inflection as presupposed.
Predicate
Represents a situation (= act, event, condition) with its participants (agent,
undergoer, etc.) and other details (means, manner, etc.). Note that this covers
considerably more than the term predicate does in Jorden and Noda's JSL.
Predicator
A ⽤用⾔言 yoogen, i.e. an inflecting word (A, V, Cop, Aux), which heads a
predicate.
Suffix
A meaningful dependent element (not a word in its own right) that is
attached at the end of another word, creating a new meaning and/or function.
Examples: conditional -ba, concessive -do, concurrent -tutu (later -nagara),
nominalizing -sa and -mi, etc. Unlike auxiliaries, suffixes don't typically
inflect (but cf. the -garu in /ASTEM-garu/ 'show signs of A', e.g. ayasigaru.