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R.E. Key Stage 2 Title of Unit: The Four Noble Truths Key Theme: Teaching and Authority Key Concept: Dharma / Dhamma Strands/ Fields of Enquiry AT1: Beliefs teachings and sources / Practices and ways of life AT2: Identity and belonging / Questions of meaning , purpose and truth / Values and commitments AT1 : • Describe the key aspects of religions; especially the people, stories and traditions which influence beliefs and values • Describe how the variety of practices and ways of life in religions and understand how these stem from and are closely connected to beliefs and teachings • Investigate the significance of religion in the local, national and global communities • Consider the meaning of a range of forms of religious expression, understand why they are important in religion and note the links between them AT2 : • Reflect on what it means to belong to a faith community, communicating their own and others’ responses thoughtfully • Respond to the challenges of commitment both in their lives and within religious traditions, recognising how commitment to a religion is shown in a variety of ways • Discuss their own and others’ views of religious truth and belief, expressing their own identity • Reflect on sources of inspiration in their own lives Learning Outcomes Explain the Buddha’s teaching of the Four Noble Truths. Explain each one of the Four Noble Truths Know the steps of the Eightfold Path; Right Understanding Right Thought Right Speech Right Action Right Livelihood Right Effort Right Mindfulness Right Concentration Give examples of the Eightfold Path in practice Say how your life might have to change to follow the Eightfold Path. Explain the term ‘enlightenment’. Explain why the Buddhists do not worship the Buddha. Expectations—Levels of Attainment—In line with locally Agreed Syllabus Nearly all can:- (LEVEL WORKING TOWARDS) Many can:- (LEVEL 1) Some children have progressed further and can:- (LEVEL 2) Skills Reflection Expression Communication Empathy Thinking Reasoning Application Key Attitudes and Values Self-Esteem Respect Appreciation Wonder Opportunities for Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Development Reflect upon the un-satisfactoriness of life. Reflect upon the idea that nothing is permanent, including the self. Consider how greed, hatred and ignorance influences the world. Explore Buddhism in different cultures and countries. Reflect upon aspects of the Eightfold Path Consider how your life might change if you followed Buddhist teaching Every Child Matters Communication, Language and Literacy Knowledge and Understanding of the World Creative Development Prior Learning The life story of the Buddha Key Questions for Enquiry; What is the Dhamma / Dharma? Why is this important in Buddhism? How might it change someone's life? Possible Teaching Activities Cross Curricular Links English Art Music Geography Food Technology Find out about any Buddhist community in your local area Social Cohesion Find out about Buddhist communities in your area Key Vocabulary Dhamma / Dharma The Four Noble Truths Dukkha The Three Marks of Existence Anicca Anatta Khandhas The picture above is a modern image of the Buddha. It shows the Buddha sitting on a lotus flower. Find some pictures of lotus flowers. You will see that the roots of the lotus flower grow in the muddy waters but the plant grows out of the muddy water and becomes a beautiful flower. Buddhists believe that like the lotus, following the Buddhist teaching will help you rise above the muddy waters of life. The Buddha was like a good doctor. He diagnosed the problem and then set about a prescription and cure to solving the un-satisfactoriness of life. He called his teaching The Four Noble Truths The Diagnosis The Buddha had discovered that life is not always perfect. We all experience times of pain and suffering. Sometimes this is physical pain but often it is mental pain and heartache. Once enlightened the Buddha offered a solution to life’s problems in his teachings or what Buddhists call ‘The Dharma’ He had diagnosed the problem and now , like a doctor he was able to offer a prescription and a cure. He called this the Four Noble Truths. Find some images like the ones above of the 2011 earthquake in New Zealand and the war in Afghanistan that show how life is not always satisfactory. Pick out one of your choice and say why life is not always perfect and sometime unsatisfactory. The First Noble Truth - DUKKHA This the Buddha called Dukkha. Being able to accept that life is sometimes unsatisfactory. Realising and accepting that suffering and un-satisfactoriness exist. The Buddha identified that there are three aspects of Dukkha. He called these the ‘Three Marks of Existence’ The first Dukkha is the feeling of ‘un-satisfactoriness. The second he called Anicca Realising that nothing in this world is permanent. Anicca Look at the pictures below. Are they the same person? In one way we can all see that it is Her Majesty the Queen but is she the same person in the last photograph as she was in the first? Are you the same person that you were when you were a baby? Bring in some photographs of yourself growing up. Ask yourself ‘Are you the same person as the baby in the photograph? Now think of some other changes that are taking place around you. It could be to the environment. In pairs make a list. The Buddha realised that nothing stays the same and that everything including us are constantly changing. A Buddhist would say that we are like foam in a bubble bath constantly changing and moving. Anatta The third mark of existence the Buddha called Anatta. The Buddha said that we we are constantly changing then do we really exist? A Buddhist would say that ‘WE’ do not. This is Anatta and it means that there is ‘NO SELF’ Read a sentence from a book. A Buddhist would say that during the time that it has taken you to read it your body has changed – therefore –there can me no self. This is Anatta. Instead our bodies are made up of several parts called ‘Khandhas’ just like particles. They fall into 5 categories Matter / Feelings / Perception / Mental Activities and Consciousness. These 5 khandas come together when we are born, are constantly changing and disintegrate when we die. Spend a moment discussing this difficult idea. Do you really understand it? Look at the 5 bricks in the picture. Can you build them in different ways, break them down and build again? Are all things impermanent? The Second Noble Truth – SAMUDAYAThe second Noble truth is about the origin of our suffering. The Buddha taught that because everything is changing so are our desires. Think back to when you were little. Think about some of the things that you desperately wanted. A train set or a dolls pram or a teddy bear? Now write down five things that you would like at this moment. Do you think that you will still want them in five or ten years time? AS human beings the Buddha believed that we have a desire to cling on to life and material possessions. This thirst is called – Tanha and the Buddha believed that it was the reason why much suffering exists. WE suffer because of our own greed, hatred and ignorance. Wanting to cling onto things or have things that we are unable to have. Look at the image below. It shows the Buddhist Wheel of Life. Find a clear image of the wheel. If you look closely at the centre you can see three creatures. A pig, a cockerel and a snake. The pig symbolises ignorance, the cockerel greed and the snake hatred. They are all chasing each other round in a never ending circle. This is the Buddhist life cycle of existence: birth, death and rebirth. It is called Samsara. The prescription and cure The Third Noble Truth – NIRODHA – This is the third Noble Truth and is about ‘letting go of suffering. Think about something that you wanted really badly. Those designer trainers or Nintendo. If you had not wanted it so badly would you have been so disappointed if you had not received it? Discuss this with a partner. Would it have made your life and probably your parent’s lives better if you had not have wanted it so badly in the first place? The Fourth Noble Truth – MAGGA Look at the image of the boat being tossed around on the water. To the Buddhist life is like a journey that boat. Sometimes the sea is rough, sometimes the sea is smooth. The journey of life is Samsara. The boat needs steering. IT usually has a wheel like the one in the image. Magga or the path has eight steps like the spokes of the steering wheel. By following what Buddhists call the ‘Eight Fold Path ‘ or the eight steps Buddhists feel that they will be steered through the waters of life. The symbol of the wheel will guide them through the water Right Understanding Being able to see and understand things as they really are - unsatisfactory Right Thought Being able to direct thoughts in an unselfish way Right Speech To abstain from gossiping or speaking thoughtlessly Right Action To behave and work in ways that will not bring suffering to others Right Livelihood To maintain a living or job that avoids harmfulness Right Effort Making an effort to be mindful in all things Right Mindfulness Being able to be aware of all you do in thought and action from moment to moment Right Concentration. To remain free from all mental disturbances such as worry, envy and anxiety The path is the ‘Middle Way’ avoiding extremes Think carefully and discuss in pairs how your life might change if you followed the eight fold path. The image below shows the teaching hand gesture of the Buddha. See if you can find some Buddha images with this hand gesture. The palm is facing outward. A circle to symbolize the wheel is made with the index finger and the thumb. The other three fingers point upward. In groups design a poster to explain the Buddha’s teaching on one of the Four Noble Truths Assessment Opportunity In pairs write and illustrate a pamphlet for young Buddhist children explaining the Four Noble Truths Produce an article to show how a particular world situation might improve if those involved followed the Eight Fold Path Background Information for the Teacher Buddhists do not worship the Buddha. Spelling of Buddhist terms can vary depending on the tradition. Eg Dhamma in the Therevadan tradition / Dharma Tibetan The Buddha is regarded as a great teacher. Buddhists acknowledge the fact that the Buddha Siddattha was a great teacher. The importance of the three jewels/refuges: (I take refuge in the Buddha, I take refuge in the Dhamma / Dharma and I take refuge in the Sangha) The Buddha’s main teaching is called the Four Noble Truths . The First Noble Truth is Dukkha. Dukkha is accepting that life is unsatisfactory and that suffering exists. There are three aspects of Dukkha: Dukkha—recognising that life is unsatisfactory Anicca—realising that nothing is permanent. Anatta—recognising that there is no permanent self The Second NobleTruth is Samudaya Samudaya is recognising that the origins of suffering and un-satisfactoriness are greed, hatred and ignorance. The Third Noble Truth is Nirodha Nirodha is the letting go of this suffering. The Fourth Noble Truth is Magga Magga is the middle way. The Eightfold Path that will help overcome un-satisfactoriness. Understand that Siddhattha was only one Buddha Resources www.primaryresources.co.uk/re/re_Buddhism.htm Images of the Buddha in different positions Pictures of someone at different ages Newspaper cuttings of suffering and an unsatisfactory world The Buddhist wheel of Life Images of mudras ( hand gestures) Web links Buddhist resources for children Buddhism’ by Kevin and Denise Fossey published by QED UK 2007 - ISBN 978 1 85538 7112 Buddhism by Lilian Weatherley Longmans 1992 inspire-to-learn.com