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FOR OFFICIAL USE Totals for Sections B and C [C275/SQP364] Human Biology Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Higher (Revised) Specimen Question Paper for use in and after 2012 NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name of centre Town Forename(s) Surname Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number Number of seat SECTION A—Questions 1–30 Instructions for completion of Section A are given on page two. For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil. SECTIONS B AND C (100 marks) 1 (a)All questions should be attempted. (b)It should be noted that in Section C questions 1 and 2 each contain a choice. 2 The questions may be answered in any order but all answers are to be written in the spaces provided in this answer book, and must be written clearly and legibly in ink. 3 Additional space for answers will be found at the end of the book. If further space is required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be inserted inside the front cover of this book. 4 The numbers of questions must be clearly inserted with any answers written in the additional space. 5 Rough work, if any should be necessary, should be written in this book and then scored through when the fair copy has been written. If further space is required a supplementary sheet for rough work may be obtained from the Invigilator. 6 Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper. [C275/SQP364] 1 © Read carefully 1 Check that the answer sheet provided is for Human Biology Higher (Revised) (Section A). 2 For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil, and where necessary, an eraser. 3 Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish Candidate Number) and Centre Name printed on it. Do not change any of these details. 4 If any of this information is wrong, tell the Invigilator immediately. 5 If this information is correct, print your name and seat number in the boxes provided. 6 The answer to each question is either A, B, C or D. Decide what your answer is, then, using your pencil, put a horizontal line in the space provided (see sample question below). 7 There is only one correct answer to each question. 8 Any rough working should be done on the question paper or the rough working sheet, not on your answer sheet. 9 At the end of the examination, put the answer sheet for Section A inside the front cover of this answer book. Sample Question The digestive enzyme pepsin is most active in the Astomach Bmouth Cduodenum Dpancreas. The correct answer is A—stomach. The answer A has been clearly marked in pencil with a horizontal line (see below). A B C D Changing an answer If you decide to change your answer, carefully erase your first answer and, using your pencil, fill in the answer you want. The answer below has been changed to D. A [C275/SQP364] 2 B C D Page two SECTION A All questions in this section should be attempted. Answers should be given on the separate answer sheet provided. 1. The diagram below shows two chromosomes, M and N, before and after a chromosomal mutation. Before mutation M After mutation N M N Gene x Gene y Gene y Gene x The form of mutation that has taken place is a Atranslocation Bduplication Cinsertion Ddeletion. 2. Amplification of DNA by PCR commences with 1000 molecules of DNA in the reaction tube. How many DNA molecules would there be after four cycles of PCR? 4. Which of the following statements about slow twitch muscle fibres is correct? A They cannot sustain contractions for as long as fast twitch muscle fibres. B They have many more mitochondria than fast twitch muscle fibres. C They are better for activities like weightlifting and sprinting than fast twitch fibres. D A4000 B8000 C 16 000 D 32 000 3. Which of the following is the best description of metabolism? A The breakdown of chemicals to release energy BThe rate at which an organism produces heat energy C The chemical reactions of organisms D The breakdown of food molecules [C275/SQP364] 3 Page three They store fuel mainly as glycogen while fast twitch muscle fibres store fuel as fat. 5. The diagram below shows a cross-section of part of a testis. 9. The graph below shows the growth, in length, of a human fetus. seminiferous tubule D A B C Length of fetus (mm) 400 300 200 100 Which cell can produce testosterone? 0 0 1 6. The table below contains information about four semen samples. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Age of fetus (months) A B C D What is the percentage increase in length of the fetus during the final four months of pregnancy? Number of sperm in sample (millions / cm3) 40 30 20 60 A 33·3 Active sperm (%) 50 60 75 40 B 60·0 Abnormal sperm (%) 30 65 10 70 C 62·5 Semen sample D150·0 Which semen sample has the highest number of active sperm per cm3? 10.The family tree shows the pattern of inheritance of a genetic condition. 7. Which fertility treatment would be appropriate for a woman with blocked oviducts? Unaffected female × Unaffected male A In vitro fertilisation B Artificial insemination C Calculation of fertile period D Provision of fertility drugs. The allele responsible for this condition is both 8. In which of the following situations might a fetus be at risk from Rhesus antibodies produced by the mother? A B C D Father Rhesus positive Rhesus positive Rhesus negative Rhesus negative [C275/SQP364] 4 Affected female A sex-linked and recessive B sex-linked and dominant C autosomal and recessive D autosomal and dominant. Mother Rhesus negative Rhesus positive Rhesus negative Rhesus positive Page four 11.Red-green colour deficient sex-linked condition. vision is a 13.The duration of the stages in an individual’s cardiac cycle are shown in the table below. John, who is affected, has the family tree shown below. George (affected vision) Ann (unaffected vision) Stage Duration (s) Diastole 0·4 Atrial systole 0·1 Ventricular systole 0·3 What is the heart rate of this individual? John (affected vision) If b is the mutant allele for the condition, which of the following could be the genotypes of George’s parents and Ann’s parents? George’s parents Ann’s parents A XBXb XBY XBXB XBY B XBXB XbY XBXB XBY C XBXb XBY XBXb XBY D XBXB XbY XBXB XbY A 48 beats per minute B 75 beats per minute C 80 beats per minute D 150 beats per minute 14. The diagram shows a cross-section of the heart. P R Q S 12.Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition caused by an allele which is not sex-linked. A child is born with cystic fibrosis despite neither parent having the condition. The parents are going to have a second child. What is the chance this child will have cystic fibrosis? A 75% Which of the following describes correctly the movement of the valves during ventricular systole? AValves P and Q open and valves R and S close. B 67% C 50% BValves P and R open and valves Q and S close. D 25% CValves P and Q close and valves R and S open. DValves P and R close and valves Q and S open. [C275/SQP364] 5 Page five 15. Which of the following is a correct description of peripheral vascular disease (PVD)? A A blood clot in the arteries associated with the heart and brain B A blood clot in the arteries associated with the legs C A narrowing of the arteries associated with the heart and brain D A narrowing of the arteries associated with the legs 17. The diagram below shows the relationship between blood capillaries, body cells and lymphatic vessels. from artery blood capillary lymphatic vessel 16.Which of the following statements about lipoprotein is correct? A LDL transports cholesterol from body cells to the heart. to vein body cells B LDL transports cholesterol from body cells to the liver. Which of the following is a correct description of the direction of movement of oxygen? C HDL transports cholesterol from body cells to the heart. AFrom body cells to blood capillaries and lymph vessels D HDL transports cholesterol from body cells to the liver. B From blood capillaries to body cells C From lymph vessels to body cells DFrom blood capillaries and lymph vessels to body cells 18. The graphs below contain information about the population of Britain. AGE Male Males Female 600 Annual death rate from coronary heart disease per 100,000 people 400 200 0 0 55-64 55-64 Age (years) 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 2·5 2 1·5 1 0·5 0 Females 0 0·5 1 1·5 2 2·5 Population size (millions) How many British women between 55 and 64 years of age die from coronary heart disease annually? A 300 B4500 C9000 D21000 [C275/SQP364] 6 Page six 19.High levels of blood glucose can cause clouding of the lens in the human eye. Concentrations above 5·5 mM are believed to put the individual at a high risk of lens damage. In an investigation, subjects of different ages each drank a glucose solution. The concentration of glucose in their blood was then monitored over a number of hours. The results are shown in the graph below. 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 Time (mins) 70 year olds 50 year olds 20 year olds For how long during the investigation did 20 year olds remain above the high risk blood glucose concentration? A 84 mins B 90 mins C 120 mins D 148 mins [C275/SQP364] 7 Page seven 20. Which line of the table below identifies correctly the hormones which stimulate the inter-conversion of glucose and glycogen? glucose glycogen glycogen A They accelerate the transmission of sensory impulses. glucose A insulin glucagon and adrenaline B glucagon and insulin adrenaline C adrenaline and glucagon insulin D adrenaline glucagon and insulin barrier to restrict field of vision left cerebral hemisphere BThey suppress the transmission of sensory impulses. CThey increase the degree of fine motor control. 21. The diagram below shows a test on a man who had a damaged corpus callosum. This meant that he could no longer transfer information between his right and left cerebral hemispheres. snow 22.Which of the following statements about diverging neural pathways is correct? DThey decrease the degree of fine motor control. 23.Which of the following statements about the action of recreational drugs on brain neurochemistry is correct? A Desensitisation results from an increase in the number of neurotransmitter receptors due to the use of drugs that are agonists. B Desensitisation results from an increase in the number of neurotransmitter receptors due to the use of drugs that are antagonists. C Sensitisation results from an increase in the number of neurotransmitter receptors due to the use of drugs that are agonists. D Sensitisation results from an increase in the number of neurotransmitter receptors due to the use of drugs that are antagonists. ball right cerebral hemisphere Some of the functions of each hemisphere are described in the table below. Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere processes information from right eye processes information from left eye controls language production controls spatial task co-ordination The man was asked to look straight ahead and then the words “snow” and “ball” were flashed briefly on the screen as shown. What would the man say that he had just seen? ASnow BBall CSnowball DNothing [C275/SQP364] 8 Page eight 24. An investigation was carried out to determine how long it takes students to learn to run a finger maze. A blindfolded student was allowed to run the maze on ten occasions. The results are given in the table below. 27. The diagram below represents clonal selection in lymphocytes X Y Z non activated lymphocytes Trial antigen Time (s) 1 23 2 20 3 26 4 12 division of cell Y 5 18 6 10 7 6 8 7 9 10 What stimulates the division of cell Y? 6 A The presence of lymphocytes X and Z 6 B The presence of an antigen in the blood CThe binding of antibodies to receptors on the cell membrane DThe binding of antigens to receptors on the cell membrane How could the investigation be improved to make the results more reliable? A Allow other students to try to run the maze ten times. BAllow the same student some additional trials on the same maze. CChange the shape of the maze and allow the same student to repeat ten trials. D Record the times to one decimal place. 28. Two groups of subjects were used when carrying out clinical trials of a vaccine. One group was given the vaccine while the other group was given a placebo. The purpose of the placebo was to 25. The transformation of information into a form that memory can accept is called A Shaping A reduce experimental error B ensure a valid comparison can be made C allow a statistical analysis of the results to be made D ensure that researchers are unaware who has been vaccinated. B Retrieval C Encoding D Storage. 26. Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response? AVasodilation B Release of histamine C Production of antibodies D Increased capillary permeability [C275/SQP364] 9 Page nine 29. The graphs below show the effect of two injections of an antigen on the formation of an antibody. 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 Concentration of antibody in blood (arbitrary units) Concentration of antibody in blood (arbitrary units) 3 Time in days 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 Time in days first injection of antigen second injection of antigen How many days after the second injection does the concentration of antibody in the blood reach the maximum achieved after the first injection? A 3 days B 6 days C 20 days D 30 days 30.The table below contains data about a worldwide infection in 2009. Number of adults Number of children Had this infection at the start of 2009 30·8 × 106 2·5 × 106 Contracted this infection during 2009 2·2 × 106 0·4 × 106 Died from this infection during 2009 1·6 × 106 0·2 × 106 How many people in the world had this infection at the start of 2010? A 35·9 × 106 B 34·1 × 106 C 33·3 × 106 D 31·5 × 106 Candidates are reminded that the answer sheet MUST be returned INSIDE the front cover of this answer booklet. [C275/SQP364] 10 Page ten DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN SECTION B Marks All questions in this section should be attempted. All answers must be written clearly and legibly in ink. 1. The human body contains hundreds of cell types all of which have developed from stem cells in the early embryo. Nerve cells Liver cells Cardiac muscle cells (a) (i) What are stem cells? 1 (ii) Name two types of cell that may develop from tissue stem cells in red bone marrow. 1 1 2 (b) (i) What type of cell division only occurs in germline cells? 1 (ii) Suggest why mutations in germline cells could have serious consequences. 1 (c) A company has developed a drug that could treat the symptoms of an inherited disease. Before proceeding to clinical trials using volunteers, the company decides to carry out additional tests in the laboratory using stem cells. What ethical considerations might have influenced this decision to use stem cells? [C275/SQP364] 2 11 Page eleven DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 2. The diagram below shows stages in the synthesis of a protein. stage 2 stage 1 primary mRNA molecule stage 3 final mRNA molecule synthesised protein Chromosomal DNA (a) Complete the table below to name stages 1 and 3 and give the exact location within the cell where these stages occur. Stage Name Exact location 1 3 2 (b) Name the enzyme that catalyses stage 1 of this process. 1 (c) (i) Explain why a primary mRNA molecule is so much shorter than chromosomal DNA. 1 (ii) Explain why a final mRNA molecule is shorter than a primary mRNA molecule. 1 (d)Name two forms of RNA, not shown in the diagram, that are involved in protein synthesis. 1 2 [C275/SQP364] 1 12 Page twelve 3. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of substrate concentration on product production in an enzyme controlled reaction. The enzyme urease was used which breaks down urea into ammonia. urease ureaammonia Urease and urea solutions were mixed together and added to test tubes containing agar jelly as shown in the diagram. Five different concentrations of urea solution were added to the test tubes. During the reaction the ammonia produced diffused through the agar changing the indicator from yellow to blue. rubber stopper urease and urea solution agar jelly containing indicator The length of the agar stained blue was measured after the experiment had been allowed to run for 48 hours. Results are shown in the table below. Urea concentration added (molar) Average length of agar stained blue (mm) 0·50 32 0·25 16 0·13 8 0·06 4 0·03 2 [C275/SQP364] 13 Page thirteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 3. (continued) (a) Plot a line graph to illustrate the results of the experiment. (Additional graph paper, if required, can be found on Page thirty-two). 2 (b)Name three variables which should be controlled when setting up this investigation. 1 2 3 2 (c) What feature of this investigation makes the results reliable? 1 (d) Explain why the test tubes had to be left for 48 hours before the results were obtained. 1 (e) What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this experiment? 1 [C275/SQP364] 14 Page fourteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 3. (continued) (f) Use the information in the table to predict the length of agar that would have been stained blue if a 0·75 molar solution of urea had been used in the experiment. Space for calculation 1 (g) Thiourea is a competitive inhibitor of urease. In a further experiment another test tube of agar jelly had the urease solution, 0·5 molar urea and 0·5 molar thiourea added to it. After 48 hours 7 mm of agar had turned blue. (i) Explain why less agar turned blue in this experiment than in the first experiment which also used 0·5 molar urea solution. 1 (ii) Explain why 7 mm of agar jelly was able to turn blue in this experiment. [C275/SQP364] 1 15 Page fifteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 4. The diagram below summarises part of the respiratory pathway within a cell. oxygen absent Stage 1 Glucose Stage 2 intermediate compounds Marks compound X pyruvate acetyl coenzyme A oxygen present (a) Stage 1 is the energy investment stage of glycolysis while stage 2 is the energy pay-off stage of glycolysis. (i) What happens during the energy investment stage? 1 (ii) What happens during the energy pay-off stage? 1 (b) During glycolysis hydrogen ions are released. (i) Name the type of enzyme that removes hydrogen ions from one of the intermediate compounds. 1 (ii) Name the coenzyme molecule that the hydrogen ions are passed to. 1 (c) (i) Name compound X. 1 (ii) Describe what happens to acetyl coenzyme A in the next stage of the respiratory pathway. [C275/SQP364] 1 16 Page sixteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 5. Sickle cell disease is an autosomal blood disorder in which a faulty form of haemoglobin, called haemoglobin S, is produced. This protein is an inefficient carrier of oxygen. Marks The allele for normal haemoglobin (H) is incompletely dominant to the allele for haemoglobin S (S). Heterozygous individuals (HS) suffer from a milder condition called sickle cell trait. The diagram below shows the incidence of these conditions in three generations of a family. 1 2 3 4 male with sickle cell trait male with sickle cell disease unaffected female female with sickle cell trait 5 (a) State the genotypes of individuals 1 and 5. 1 5 1 (b) Individuals 3 and 4 go on to have a 3rd child. What is the percentage chance that this child will have the same genotype as the parents? Space for calculation % 1 (c) Sickle cell disease is caused by a substitution mutation in the gene that codes for haemoglobin. (i) Describe how this form of mutation affects the structure of the gene. 1 (ii) Suggest how this might change the structure of a protein such as haemoglobin. [C275/SQP364] 17 1 Page seventeen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 5. (continued) (d) During IVF treatment, it is possible to detect single gene disorders in fertilised eggs before they are implanted into the mother. What term describes this procedure? 1 (e) It has been discovered that the gene which codes for fetal haemoglobin is unaffected by the substitution mutation that causes sickle cell disease. This gene is “switched off” at birth. Use this information to suggest how a drug designed to treat sickle cell anaemia in young children could function. [C275/SQP364] 1 19 Page eighteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 6. The diagram represents a section through an artery. Elastic tissue X lumen lumen Muscle tissue (a) How does the presence of muscle in the artery wall help to control the flow of blood around the body? 1 (b) Name part X. 1 (c) An atheroma may develop under part X and cause the lumen diameter to decrease. This may lead to high blood pressure. (i) What term is used to describe the condition where someone has persistently high blood pressure? 1 (ii) The atheroma may damage part X, resulting in a blood clot (thrombus). Describe the series of events that occur between the damage to part X and the formation of the clot. 3 [C275/SQP364] 18 Page nineteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 7. The graph below shows how a man’s heart beat and stroke volume changed as his oxygen uptake increased. KEY stroke volume 180 140 160 120 140 100 120 80 100 60 80 0 0·4 0·8 1·2 1·6 Rate of oxygen uptake (litres/minute) 2·0 Stroke volume (cm3) Pulse rate (beats/minute) pulse rate 160 2·4 (a) (i) What was the man’s pulse rate when his rate of oxygen uptake was 1·2 litres/minute? 1 (ii) Describe how the stroke volume of his heart changed as oxygen uptake increased. 1 (iii) What was the stroke volume of his heart when his pulse rate was 110 beats per minute? [C275/SQP364] 20 Page twenty cm3 1 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 7. (continued) (b) What was the cardiac output of the man’s heart when his rate of oxygen uptake was 2·4 litres per minute? Space for calculation litres/min 1 (c) Name the pacemaker which generates the impulses that cause the heart to contract and the hormone which increases the rate of these contractions. Pacemaker Hormone [C275/SQP364] 21 2 Page twenty-one DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 8.(a) The graph shows changes in blood glucose concentrations in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals after each has consumed a glucose drink. Blood glucose concentration (m mol/litre) 14 12 10 8 Individual A normal blood glucose concentration 6 Individual B 4 2 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 Time (minutes) Glucose drinks consumed (i) Individual A had been diagnosed as having type 1 diabetes. Describe two ways in which the graph confirms this diagnosis. 1 2 1 (ii) Explain why the blood glucose concentration of individual A starts to decrease after one hour. 1 (b) Describe the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 1 [C275/SQP364] 22 Page twenty-two DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 9.(a) The graph shows obesity data for England in 1993 and 2002. Individuals are described as obese if they have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. 350 Frequency of obesity (Number/1000) 300 298 300 256 250 230 212 200 194 170 150 107 100 1993 2002 113 67 50 0 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Age range (years) (i)What two measurements are needed to calculate BMI? 1 1 2 (ii) Describe two general trends shown in the graph. 1 2 1 (iii) In 2002 the number of people in England aged 35 to 44 was 6 million. How many people aged 35 to 44 were obese? Space for calculation Number of people 1 (b) Explain why individuals who are obese are advised to limit their intake of free sugars. 1 [C275/SQP364] 23 Page twenty-three DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 10. The diagram shows the main parts of the human brain as seen in a vertical section. P U T S R Q (a) Complete the table by adding the correct letters, names and functions of the parts. Part Name Function P cerebellum regulates arousal and sleep 3 (b)Structure T is the hypothalamus. (i) Explain how the hypothalamus influences structure S. 1 (ii) State one regulatory function of the hypothalamus. 1 (c) Name the process which the brain uses to make sense of incoming sensory information and explain how this process leads to the recognition of objects. Process Explanation 2 [C275/SQP364] 24 Page twenty-four DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 11. A student carried out an investigation into how age affects learning ability. Eight children from three different age groups were each given five attempts to complete a twenty-piece jigsaw puzzle, in as fast a time as possible. The fastest times that they achieved are shown in the table below. average 8 year-olds 123 98 111 138 87 136 79 120 111·5 Fastest time achieved (s) 12 year-olds 16 year-olds 97 99 68 74 75 62 112 67 93 84 83 101 75 58 81 55 75·0 (a) Calculate the average fastest time achieved by the 12 year-old children and write your answer in the table above. Space for calculation 1 (b)Describe two additional variables which would have to be kept constant to ensure that a valid comparison could be made between the three groups of children. 1 2 1 (c) What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this investigation? 1 (d) (i) Suggest why the first attempt to complete the puzzle was always slower than the fifth attempt, no matter the age of the child. 1 (ii) Suggest why some children did not produce their fastest time on their fifth attempt. 1 [C275/SQP364] 25 Page twenty-five DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 11. (continued) Marks (e) It was found that most of the children completed the puzzle faster if other children were in the room competing against them. What is this effect called? [C275/SQP364] 1 26 Page twenty-six DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 12. The immune system protects the body from infection. (a) The table contains information about cells of the immune system. Complete the table to identify the cell types and their functions. Cell type Function Releases cytokines B lymphocyte Induces apoptosis 2 (b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term active immunity. 1 (ii) Describe the role of memory cells in providing long term immunity to a disease. 1 [C275/SQP364] 27 Page twenty-seven DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 12. (continued) Marks (c) The graph shows the number of whooping cough cases over a 65 year period. 180 160 Number of cases (thousands) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year (i) Use the graph to determine in which year a vaccine for whooping cough was introduced. 1 Year (ii) In 1977 newspaper reports suggested that the vaccine was unsafe. This led to a reduction in the number of children being vaccinated. Calculate the percentage increase in cases of whooping cough between 1977 and 1978. Space for calculation % 1 (iii) The number of cases of whooping cough drops to a very low level after 2000 due to herd immunity. Explain what is meant by the term “herd immunity”. [C275/SQP364] 2 28 Page twenty-eight 13. The diagrams below contain information about the causes of death and survival rates in two countries in 2010. Accidents Figure 1 - Causes of death in countries A and B during 2010 Heart disease Respiratory diseases Diseases of infancy (including diarrhoeal diseases) Cancer All others Infectious diseases Ac Cerebro-vascular cid ts en Respiratory diseases Suicide/ Homicide Digestive diseases Country A Country B Figure 2 - Percentage survival rates in countries A and B in 2010 Percentage of population surviving 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 Age (years) Country A 60 Country B [C275/SQP364] 29 Page twenty-nine 80 Cerebro-vascular r nce Ca Heart disease All others DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 13. (continued) (a) (i) Identify the main cause of death in each country in 2010. Country A Country B 1 (ii) Country B takes no public health measures to control the incidence of heart disease. Suggest a reason for the lower incidence of heart disease in country B. 1 (b) An international charity organisation made a decision in 2010 to spend less money on research into heart disease and more money on research into infectious diseases. What is likely to be the long-term consequence of this decision on the number of cases of heart disease in country B? Give a reason for your answer. Consequence Reason 1 (c) (i) What percentage of the population of country A die before the age of 20? 1 % (ii) In 1950 three million babies were born in country B. Assuming no emigration occurred, how many of these individuals were still alive in 2010? Space for calculation 1 (d) Malaria is endemic in country B. Explain the meaning of the term endemic. [C275/SQP364] 1 30 Page thirty DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks SECTION C Both questions in this section should be attempted. Note that each question contains a choice Question 1 and 2 should be attempted on the blank pages which follow. Supplementary sheets, if required, may be obtained from the invigilator. Labelled diagrams may be used where appropriate. 1.Answer either A or B. A Give an account of DNA under the following headings: (i) the structure of DNA; 5 (ii) the replication of DNA. 5 (10) OR B Give an account of the nervous system under the following headings: (i) the somatic nervous system; 3 (ii) the autonomic nervous system. 7 (10) In question 2, ONE mark is available for coherence and ONE mark is available for relevance. 2.Answer either A or B. A Describe hormonal control of the first half of the menstrual cycle. (10) OR B Describe the causes and transmission of infectious diseases and the methods that can be used to control these diseases. (10) [END OF SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER] [C275/SQP364] 31 Page thirty-one DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN SPACE FOR ANSWERS ADDITIONAL GRAPH FOR QUESTION 3(a) [C275/SQP364] 32 Page thirty-two DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN SPACE FOR ANSWERS [C275/SQP364] 33 Page thirty-three DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN SPACE FOR ANSWERS [C275/SQP364] 34 Page thirty-four DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN SPACE FOR ANSWERS [C275/SQP364] 35 Page thirty-five [C275/SQP364] Human Biology Higher (Revised) Specimen Marking Instructions for use in and after 2012 [C275/SQP364] 36 NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS © Human Biology Higher (Revised) Specimen Question Paper Marking Scheme Section A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. [C275/SQP364] A C C B B D A A B C C D B A D D B C A A B C D A C C D B A B 37 Page two Human Biology Higher (Revised) Specimen Question Paper Section B Note – If a word is underlined it is essential while if it is bracketed it is not essential. Words separated by a / are acceptable alternatives. Question 1(a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) (c) 2 (a) AcceptableAnswer Mark Content A-Type Cells that are (relatively) unspecialised / undifferentiated. 1 KU Red blood cell / white blood cell / phagocyte / lymphocyte / platelet. 1 KU Meiosis. 1 KU (The mutation) can be passed on to offspring / children or (The mutation) can lead to testicular cancer / ovarian cancer. 1 KU 1 mark It is safer than using the drug directly on humans / trial subjects or Is it right to use embryos to extract stem cells? or Is it right to deprive sufferers of a potential treatment? or Is it right to use stem cells rather than animals? any 2 2 KU 2 marks Transcription and nucleus. 1 mark Translation and ribosome / rough ER. 2 KU 1 mark (b) RNA polymerase. 1 KU (c) (i) Only one gene is transcribed / forms mRNA. or The primary mRNA only codes for one protein. 1 KU 1 mark Introns / non coding regions of genes are removed (in RNA splicing) or The final mRNA only contains exons / coding regions of genes 1 KU 1 mark tRNA and rRNA 1 KU (ii) (d) [C275/SQP364] 38 Page three Question Mark Content Correct scales and labels on axes – 1 mark Points correctly plotted and line drawn – 1 mark 2 Skill 2 (b) 1. volume of urea solution 2. volume of urease solution 3. concentration of urease solution 4. volume / length of agar / diameter of test tube 5. volume / concentration of indicator in agar 6. temperature (of the contents) of the test tubes 7. pH of the agar / concentration of the agar. 2 correct = 1 mark 2 Skill 4 (c) The experiment was repeated at each urea concentration (and an average calculated). 1 Skill 5 1 mark (d) To allow time for the ammonia to (fully) diffuse / spread through the agar / jelly. 1 Skill 5 1 mark (e) As the urea concentration increased more ammonia was produced. or As the urea concentration decreased less ammonia was produced. 1 Skill 6 (f) 48mm 1 Skill 7 (g) (i) Thiourea blocked the active site on the urease. 1 KU Not all active sites were blocked / some active sites were still available. 1 KU (Two) ATP molecules are broken down / used up (to provide energy). or Phosphorylation occurs. 1 KU (Four) ATP molecules are produced. 1 KU Dehydrogenase. 1 KU NAD 1 KU X is lactic acid . 1 KU It combines with oxaloacetate / oxaloacetic acid to form citrate / citric acid. 1 KU 3 (a) (ii) 4 (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) (c) (i) (ii) [C275/SQP364] AcceptableAnswer 39 Page four A-Type 1 mark Question 5 (a) AcceptableAnswer 1 - HH and 5 – SS. Mark Content 1 Skill 1 A-Type (b) 50%. 1 Skill 3 (c) (i) It alters the DNA nucleotide sequence / replaces one nucleotide with another. 1 KU 1 mark An incorrect amino acid is placed in the protein / polypeptide chain / haemoglobin. or One amino acid is replaced by another in the protein / polypeptide chain /haemoglobin. or The amino acid sequence is shortened (due to a stop codon). 1 KU 1 mark (d) Pre-implantation Genetic Screening. 1 KU (e) This drug could switch on the gene for fetal haemoglobin (in the child so haemoglobin is produced) or This drug could stop the gene being switched off (in the child) 1 KU It can contract / vasoconstrict to reduce blood flow to some areas or It can relax / vasodilate to increase blood flow to some areas 1 KU (b) Endothelium 1 KU (c) (i) Hypertension 1 KU 1. Damage releases clotting factors. 2. Prothrombin (enzyme) is converted / activated / changed into thrombin. 3. Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin (by the thrombin). 4. Fibrin is insoluble / forms a meshwork (that clots the blood). 1 mark per line, any 3 correct for 3 marks. 3 KU (ii) 6 (a) (ii) [C275/SQP364] 40 Page five 1 mark 2 marks Question Mark Content 98 beats/minute 1 Skill 1 (ii) Stroke volume increased as oxygen uptake increased until 2 litres/min, after which it remained constant. 1 Skill 1 (iii) 150 1 Skill 1 (b) 18.72 1 Skill 3 (c) Pacemaker – sinoatrial node / SAN Hormone – adrenaline. 2 KU 1. Blood glucose level does not return to normal (after 150 minutes). 2. Blood glucose level decreases slowly / slower than B. 3. Blood glucose level increases to a high level / higher than B. Any 2 correct for 1 mark 1 Skill 1 Glucose is being used up by respiration or Glucose is being removed / excreted in urine. 1 KU An individual with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin while individuals with type 2 diabetes have cells that are less sensitive to insulin. 1 KU 1. weight 2. height (squared). 1 KU (ii) 1. As age increases frequency / number of cases of obesity increases 2. Between 1993 and 2002 the frequency / number of cases of obesity increased (in all age ranges). 1 Skill 1 (iii) 1.536 million / 1 536 000 1 Skill 3 As free sugars require no metabolic energy to be expended in their digestion. 1 KU 7 (a) (i) 8 (a) (i) (ii) (b) 9 (a) (i) (b) [C275/SQP364] AcceptableAnswer 41 Page six A-Type 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark Question AcceptableAnswer Mark Content Cerebrum and centre of conscious thought / receives sensory information / coordinates voluntary movements / makes decisions / recalls memories / alters behaviour in the light of experience. 1 mark Q and controls balance / posture / movement. 1 mark R and medulla. 1 mark 3 KU (b) (i) It inhibits / stimulates / influences hormone secretions / release (from the pituitary gland) or It releases hormones for storage (in the pituitary gland). 1 KU (ii) It controls / regulates the contraction of smooth muscle or It controls / regulates body temperature / water balance 1 KU Process - Perception Explanation - It allows segregation / separation of objects from one another / their background or It allows the recognition of objects from shape descriptions stored in memory. 2 KU 85.5 1 Skill 3 (b) 1. Each group has a similar gender balance. 2. Each group completed the same jigsaw puzzle. 3. Each group contained children with similar (physical / mental) abilities. 4. The investigation was carried out in the same environmental conditions e.g. same room /same temperature /same time of day /no distractions were present. 1 Skill 5 (c) As children get older they learn faster (how to complete puzzles). 1 Skill 6 (d) (i) On the first attempt it took the child some time to work out / learn where to place the pieces but by the fifth attempt they had learned where the pieces went. 1 KU Some children had become bored with / lost interest in the puzzle by the fifth attempt. 1 Skill 5 Social facilitation. 1 KU 10(a) (c) 11(a) (ii) (e) [C275/SQP364] 42 Page seven A-Type 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark Question AcceptableAnswer Mark Content Phagocyte / NK cells / Natural killer cells Produce antibodies T lymphocyte / NK cells / Natural killer cells 2 correct for 1 mark 2 KU (b) (i) Production of antibodies in response to (foreign) antigens. 1 KU (ii) Memory cells (are lymphocytes which) remain in the body after infection and respond rapidly / quickly to a second infection by the same organism. 1 KU (c) (i) 1956 1 Skill 1 (ii) 1600 1 Skill 3 (iii) A large percentage of the population have been immunised. 1 mark This means non-immune individuals are protected because there is a very low chance that they will come into contact with infected individuals. 1 mark 2 KU Country A – Heart disease Country B – Infectious diseases 1 Skill 1 Dietary factors such as lower fats / calorie intake or Shorter life span so no time to develop heart disease or More active life style. 1 KU 1 mark (b) Consequence - number of cases of heart disease increases. Reason – Longer life span due to less infectious diseases therefore more chance of developing heart disease. 1 Skill 7 1 mark (c) (i) 24 or 25 1 Skill 1 (ii) 300 000 1 Skill 3 Regular cases occur / it is always present in country B 1 KU 12(a) 13(a) (i) (ii) (d) [C275/SQP364] 43 Page eight A-Type 1 mark Human Biology Higher (Revised) Specimen Question Paper Section C Marking Instructions 1 A Give an account of DNA under the following headings: 5 (i) The structure of DNA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Consists of strands of nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of deoxyribose (sugar), a phosphate and a base. Nucleotides bond to form a sugar-phosphate backbone. Bases are paired – adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine. There are hydrogen bonds between bases. Double helix. Antiparallel strands / deoxyribose and phosphate at 3’ and 5’ end of each strand. 5 (ii) The replication of DNA 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. DNA unwinds or H bonds break / unzips. Primer needed (to start replication). DNA polymerase. Adds complementary nucleotides to the deoxyribose / 3’ end (of the lead chain). This strand is replicated continuously and the other strand is replicated in fragments. 13. Fragments are joined by ligase. 14. Replication occurs at several locations on the DNA molecule (at the same time). 15. Two new identical double helices / DNA molecules produced. 1 B Give an account of the nervous system under the following headings: (iii) The somatic nervous system (SNS) 1. 2. 3. The somatic nervous system controls the body’s skeletal muscles. It controls (mainly) voluntary actions. Sensory neurones (of the SNS) carry impulses into the CNS / brain from the senses. Motor neurones (of the SNS) carry impulses out of the CNS / brain to muscles. SNS does control some reflex actions. 4. 5. (iv) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. [C275/SQP364] 3 The ANS works automatically / without conscious control. Impulses originate in the medulla (region of the brain) It is made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These two systems are antagonistic in action. The sympathetic system prepares the body for fight or flight. The parasympathetic system prepares the body for rest and digest. Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling heart rate. Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling breathing rate. Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling peristalsis. Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling intestinal secretions. 44 Page nine 7 2 A Describe hormonal control of the first half of the menstrual cycle. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 10 Cycle starts with menstruation. Menstruation is a breakdown of the lining of uterus/endometrium. The pituitary gland secretes FSH. FSH stimulates the growth of a follicle. The follicle / ovary produces oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates the repair of the endometrium / uterus lining. Oestrogen stimulates changes in the consistency / viscosity of cervical mucus. Oestrogen also stimulates the production of LH. LH is produced by the pituitary gland. LH brings about ovulation Rising levels of oestrogen inhibit FSH production. This is an example of negative feedback. 8 from 12 The coherence and relevance marks are only awarded when at least five marks have been scored from points 1 to 12 and the following criteria are met. Relevance – A single short reference to an irrelevant point is not penalised but development of the point is penalised. However, two irrelevant points without development are penalised. For example, mention of two or more of the following will lose this mark: Progesterone, corpus luteum, pregnancy, secondary sexual characteristics, irrelevant hormones such as prolactin and oxytocin. 1 mark Coherence – Response should contain paragraphs / subheadings, have a logical sequence and be written in sentences (not bullet points). 1 mark 2 B Describe the causes and transmission of infectious diseases and the methods that can be used to control these diseases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. Pathogens can be bacteria and viruses. Two other examples of pathogens e.g. fungi, protozoa, (multicellular) parasites. A specific example of a disease and its causative organism. Transmission of the disease can be by physical contact, food, water, body fluids, air or vector organisms. (1 mark for 3 or 4, 2 marks for 5) A specific example of a disease and its means of transmission. Control of transmission can be by quarantine / antisepsis / control of vectors . Individual responsibility for control of transmission through good hygiene / safe food handling / care in sexual health. 10. Community responsibility for control of transmission through having a quality water supply / safe food webs / appropriate waste disposal. 11. Epidemiology looks at factors which affect the spread of diseases. 12. Diseases can be controlled by drugs / immunisation. 8 from 12 The coherence and relevance marks are only awarded when at least five marks have been scored from points 1 to 12 and the following criteria are met. Relevance – A single short reference to an irrelevant point is not penalised but development of the point is penalised. However, two irrelevant points without development are penalised. For example, mention of two or more of the following will lose this mark: Genetic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, drug addiction, diabetes, cancer. 1 mark Coherence – Response should contain paragraphs / subheadings, have a logical sequence and be written in sentences (not bullet points). 1 mark [C275/SQP364] 45 Page ten HUMAN BIOLOGY HIGHER (Revised) - SPECIMEN PAPER ANALYSIS Qu Source of Question K U Skills U 1 U 2 1 new 6 0 6 6 3 b(ii), c x2 2 new 6 0 6 12 2 c(i), c(ii) 3 1997 H Human Q12 adapted 2 8 2 22 2 c, d 4 new 6 0 6 28 1 c(ii) 5 new 4 2 3 1 34 3 c(i), c(ii), e 6 new 6 0 6 40 2 c(ii) x2 7 2001 H Human Q7 adapted 2 4 2 46 1 b 8 1999 H Human Q7 adapted 2 1 2 49 1 a(ii) 9 2009 Ad Higher Q1 adapted 2 2 2 53 1 a(iii) 10 2005 H Human Q9 adapted 7 0 7 60 2 b(i), c x1 11 2002 H Human Q11 adapted 2 4 2 66 2 b, d(ii) 12 2008 H Biotech Q2 adapted 6 2 6 74 1 c(iii) x1 13 1996 H Human Q11 adapted 2 4 2 80 2 a(ii), b 1A 2002 H Human Q1A adapted 1B new 2A 2003 H Human Q2A adapted 2B new 23 U 3 U 4 Running Total 5 5 5 5 27 2 3 13 9 8 80 11 3 11 3 2 30 Section C 5 5 5 5 20 TOTALS 3 1 29 17 15 130 Section B 53 Section A [C275/SQP364] 46 ‘A’ type Page eleven Specimen Paper – Analysis of Section A 1 Source (year) new 2 new Q 3 2007 Unit KU 1 * 1 Q2 Skill Key AType A 3 C 1 * C 4 new 1 * B 5 2004 Q9 2 * B 6 2010 Q16 2 7 2008 Q14 2 * A 8 2008 Q17 2 * A 9 2004 Q10 2 10 2007 Q17 2 * C * 11 2006 Q10 2 * C * 12 2008 Q11 2 * D 13 new 2 14 2006 Q17 2 * A 15 new 2 * D 16 new 2 * D 17 2005 Q20 2 * B 18 2002 Q29 2 1&3 C 19 2009 Q21 2 1 A 20 2004 Q17 2 21 2010 3 22 2002 Q21 3 * C 23 new 3 * D 24 2007 Q26 3 25 2003 Q28 3 * C 26 new 4 * C 27 new 4 * D * 28 new 4 5 B * 29 2007 Q12 4 1 A 30 new 4 3 B [C275/SQP364] 47 3 1&3 3 * D * B B * * A 6 5 Page twelve * B * A * Analysis of Skills Questions in the Human Biology Specimen Paper (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Skills of scientific experimentation, investigation and enquiry Select relevant information from texts, tables, charts, keys, graphs or diagrams Present information appropriately in a variety of forms, including written summaries, extended writing, tables and/or graphs Process information accurately using calculations, including percentages, averages and/or ratios. Significant figures and units should be used appropriately. Plan and design experimental procedures to test given hypotheses or to illustrate particular effects. This could include identification of variables, controls and measurements or observations required. Evaluate experimental procedures in situations which are unfamiliar by commenting on the purpose or approach, the suitability and effectiveness of procedures, the control of variables, the limitations of equipment, possible sources of error and/or suggestions for improvement. Draw valid conclusions and give explanations supported by evidence or justification. Conclusions should include reference to the overall pattern to readings or observations, trends in results, or comment on the connection between variables and controls. Make predictions and generalisations based on available evidence. Section A Section B 9, 18, 19, 29. 5a, 7a, 8a(i), 9a(ii), 12c(i), 13a(i), 13c(i). 3a 2, 6, 9, 13, 18, 30. 5b, 7b, 9a(iii), 11a, 12c(ii), 13c(ii). 3b 24, 28. 3c, 3d, 11b, 11d(ii), 21. 3e, 11c, 3f, 13b [END OF SPECIMEN MARKING INSTRUCTIONS] [C275/SQP364] 49 Page thirteen