Download [C275/SQP364] NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS Human Biology

FOR OFFICIAL USE
Totals for
Sections
B and C
[C275/SQP364]
Human Biology
Time: 2 hours 30 minutes
Higher (Revised)
Specimen Question Paper
for use in and after 2012
NATIONAL
QUALIFICATIONS
Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.
Full name of centre
Town
Forename(s)
Surname
Date of birth
Day
Month
Year
Scottish candidate number
Number of seat
SECTION A—Questions 1–30
Instructions for completion of Section A are given on page two.
For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil.
SECTIONS B AND C (100 marks)
1 (a)All questions should be attempted.
(b)It should be noted that in Section C questions 1 and 2 each contain a choice.
2 The questions may be answered in any order but all answers are to be written in the
spaces provided in this answer book, and must be written clearly and legibly in ink.
3 Additional space for answers will be found at the end of the book. If further space is
required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be
inserted inside the front cover of this book.
4 The numbers of questions must be clearly inserted with any answers written in the
additional space.
5 Rough work, if any should be necessary, should be written in this book and then scored
through when the fair copy has been written. If further space is required a supplementary
sheet for rough work may be obtained from the Invigilator.
6 Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator. If you do
not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.
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©
Read carefully
1
Check that the answer sheet provided is for Human Biology Higher (Revised) (Section A).
2
For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil, and where necessary, an eraser.
3
Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish
Candidate Number) and Centre Name printed on it.
Do not change any of these details.
4
If any of this information is wrong, tell the Invigilator immediately.
5
If this information is correct, print your name and seat number in the boxes provided.
6 The answer to each question is either A, B, C or D. Decide what your answer is, then, using
your pencil, put a horizontal line in the space provided (see sample question below).
7
There is only one correct answer to each question.
8 Any rough working should be done on the question paper or the rough working sheet, not on
your answer sheet.
9
At the end of the examination, put the answer sheet for Section A inside the front cover of
this answer book.
Sample Question
The digestive enzyme pepsin is most active in the
Astomach
Bmouth
Cduodenum
Dpancreas.
The correct answer is A—stomach. The answer A has been clearly marked in pencil with a horizontal
line (see below).
A
B
C
D
Changing an answer
If you decide to change your answer, carefully erase your first answer and, using your pencil,
fill in the answer you want. The answer below has been changed to D.
A
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B
C
D
Page two
SECTION A
All questions in this section should be attempted.
Answers should be given on the separate answer sheet provided.
1. The diagram below shows two chromosomes, M and N, before and after a chromosomal mutation.
Before mutation
M
After mutation
N
M
N
Gene x
Gene y
Gene y
Gene x
The form of mutation that has taken place is a
Atranslocation
Bduplication
Cinsertion
Ddeletion.
2. Amplification of DNA by PCR commences
with 1000 molecules of DNA in the reaction
tube.
How many DNA molecules would there be
after four cycles of PCR?
4. Which of the following statements about slow
twitch muscle fibres is correct?
A
They cannot sustain contractions for as
long as fast twitch muscle fibres.
B
They have many more mitochondria than
fast twitch muscle fibres.
C They are better for activities like
weightlifting and sprinting than fast
twitch fibres.
D
A4000
B8000
C
16 000
D
32 000
3. Which of the following is the best description
of metabolism?
A
The breakdown of chemicals to release
energy
BThe rate at which an organism produces
heat energy
C
The chemical reactions of organisms
D
The breakdown of food molecules
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They store fuel mainly as glycogen while
fast twitch muscle fibres store fuel as fat.
5. The diagram below shows a cross-section of
part of a testis.
9.
The graph below shows the growth, in length,
of a human fetus.
seminiferous
tubule
D
A
B
C
Length of fetus (mm)
400
300
200
100
Which cell can produce testosterone?
0
0
1
6. The table below contains information about
four semen samples.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Age of fetus (months)
A
B
C
D
What is the percentage increase in length
of the fetus during the final four months of
pregnancy?
Number of sperm in sample
(millions / cm3)
40
30
20
60
A 33·3
Active sperm (%)
50
60
75
40
B 60·0
Abnormal sperm (%)
30
65
10
70
C 62·5
Semen sample
D150·0
Which semen sample has the highest number
of active sperm per cm3?
10.The family tree shows the pattern of inheritance
of a genetic condition.
7. Which fertility treatment would be appropriate
for a woman with blocked oviducts?
Unaffected female
×
Unaffected male
A In vitro fertilisation
B
Artificial insemination
C
Calculation of fertile period
D
Provision of fertility drugs.
The allele responsible for this condition is both
8. In which of the following situations might
a fetus be at risk from Rhesus antibodies
produced by the mother?
A
B
C
D
Father
Rhesus positive
Rhesus positive
Rhesus negative
Rhesus negative
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Affected female
A
sex-linked and recessive
B
sex-linked and dominant
C
autosomal and recessive
D
autosomal and dominant.
Mother
Rhesus negative
Rhesus positive
Rhesus negative
Rhesus positive
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11.Red-green colour deficient
sex-linked condition.
vision
is
a
13.The duration of the stages in an individual’s
cardiac cycle are shown in the table below.
John, who is affected, has the family tree shown
below.
George
(affected vision)
Ann
(unaffected vision)
Stage
Duration (s)
Diastole
0·4
Atrial systole
0·1
Ventricular systole
0·3
What is the heart rate of this individual?
John
(affected vision)
If b is the mutant allele for the condition,
which of the following could be the genotypes
of George’s parents and Ann’s parents?
George’s parents
Ann’s parents
A
XBXb
XBY
XBXB
XBY
B
XBXB
XbY
XBXB
XBY
C
XBXb
XBY
XBXb
XBY
D
XBXB
XbY
XBXB
XbY
A
48 beats per minute
B
75 beats per minute
C
80 beats per minute
D
150 beats per minute
14. The diagram shows a cross-section of the heart.
P
R
Q
S
12.Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition caused by
an allele which is not sex-linked.
A child is born with cystic fibrosis despite
neither parent having the condition.
The parents are going to have a second child.
What is the chance this child will have cystic
fibrosis?
A 75%
Which of the following describes correctly the
movement of the valves during ventricular
systole?
AValves P and Q open and valves R and S
close.
B 67%
C 50%
BValves P and R open and valves Q and S
close.
D 25%
CValves P and Q close and valves R and S
open.
DValves P and R close and valves Q and S
open.
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15. Which of the following is a correct description
of peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?
A
A blood clot in the arteries associated with
the heart and brain
B
A blood clot in the arteries associated with
the legs
C A narrowing of the arteries associated
with the heart and brain
D A narrowing of the arteries associated
with the legs
17. The diagram below shows the relationship
between blood capillaries, body cells and
lymphatic vessels.
from
artery
blood
capillary
lymphatic
vessel
16.Which of the following statements about
lipoprotein is correct?
A
LDL transports cholesterol from body
cells to the heart.
to vein
body cells
B
LDL transports cholesterol from body
cells to the liver.
Which of the following is a correct description
of the direction of movement of oxygen?
C
HDL transports cholesterol from body
cells to the heart.
AFrom body cells to blood capillaries and
lymph vessels
D
HDL transports cholesterol from body
cells to the liver.
B
From blood capillaries to body cells
C
From lymph vessels to body cells
DFrom blood capillaries and lymph vessels
to body cells
18. The graphs below contain information about the population of Britain.
AGE
Male
Males
Female
600
Annual death
rate from
coronary
heart disease
per 100,000
people
400
200
0
0
55-64
55-64
Age (years)
75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
2·5 2 1·5 1 0·5 0
Females
0 0·5 1 1·5 2 2·5
Population size (millions)
How many British women between 55 and 64 years of age die from coronary heart disease annually?
A 300
B4500
C9000
D21000
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19.High levels of blood glucose can cause clouding of the lens in the human eye. Concentrations above
5·5 mM are believed to put the individual at a high risk of lens damage.
In an investigation, subjects of different ages each drank a glucose solution. The concentration of glucose
in their blood was then monitored over a number of hours. The results are shown in the graph below.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
Time (mins)
70 year olds
50 year olds
20 year olds
For how long during the investigation did 20 year olds remain above the high risk blood glucose
concentration?
A
84 mins
B
90 mins
C
120 mins
D
148 mins
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20. Which line of the table below identifies
correctly the hormones which stimulate the
inter-conversion of glucose and glycogen?
glucose
glycogen
glycogen
A
They accelerate the transmission of
sensory impulses.
glucose
A
insulin
glucagon and adrenaline
B
glucagon and insulin
adrenaline
C
adrenaline and glucagon
insulin
D
adrenaline
glucagon and insulin
barrier to restrict
field of vision
left cerebral
hemisphere
BThey suppress the transmission of sensory
impulses.
CThey increase the degree of fine motor
control.
21. The diagram below shows a test on a man who
had a damaged corpus callosum. This meant
that he could no longer transfer information
between his right and left cerebral hemispheres.
snow
22.Which of the following statements about
diverging neural pathways is correct?
DThey decrease the degree of fine motor
control.
23.Which of the following statements about
the action of recreational drugs on brain
neurochemistry is correct?
A
Desensitisation results from an increase in
the number of neurotransmitter receptors
due to the use of drugs that are agonists.
B
Desensitisation results from an increase
in the number of neurotransmitter
receptors due to the use of drugs that are
antagonists.
C
Sensitisation results from an increase in
the number of neurotransmitter receptors
due to the use of drugs that are agonists.
D Sensitisation results from an increase in
the number of neurotransmitter receptors
due to the use of drugs that are antagonists.
ball
right cerebral
hemisphere
Some of the functions of each hemisphere are
described in the table below.
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Right cerebral
hemisphere
processes information
from right eye
processes information
from left eye
controls language
production
controls spatial task
co-ordination
The man was asked to look straight ahead and
then the words “snow” and “ball” were flashed
briefly on the screen as shown.
What would the man say that he had just seen?
ASnow
BBall
CSnowball
DNothing
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24. An investigation was carried out to determine
how long it takes students to learn to run a
finger maze. A blindfolded student was allowed
to run the maze on ten occasions. The results
are given in the table below.
27. The diagram below represents clonal selection
in lymphocytes
X
Y
Z
non activated
lymphocytes
Trial
antigen
Time (s)
1
23
2
20
3
26
4
12
division of
cell Y
5 18
6
10
7
6
8
7
9
10
What stimulates the division of cell Y?
6
A
The presence of lymphocytes X and Z
6
B
The presence of an antigen in the blood
CThe binding of antibodies to receptors on
the cell membrane
DThe binding of antigens to receptors on
the cell membrane
How could the investigation be improved to
make the results more reliable?
A
Allow other students to try to run the
maze ten times.
BAllow the same student some additional
trials on the same maze.
CChange the shape of the maze and allow
the same student to repeat ten trials.
D
Record the times to one decimal place.
28. Two groups of subjects were used when
carrying out clinical trials of a vaccine. One
group was given the vaccine while the other
group was given a placebo.
The purpose of the placebo was to
25. The transformation of information into a form
that memory can accept is called
A Shaping
A
reduce experimental error
B
ensure a valid comparison can be made
C
allow a statistical analysis of the results to
be made
D
ensure that researchers are unaware who
has been vaccinated.
B Retrieval
C Encoding
D Storage.
26.
Which of the following is not part of the
inflammatory response?
AVasodilation
B
Release of histamine
C
Production of antibodies
D
Increased capillary permeability
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29. The graphs below show the effect of two injections of an antigen on the formation of an antibody.
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
Concentration of antibody in blood
(arbitrary units)
Concentration of antibody in blood
(arbitrary units)
3
Time in days
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
Time in days
first injection of antigen
second injection of antigen
How many days after the second injection does the concentration of antibody in the blood reach the
maximum achieved after the first injection?
A
3 days
B
6 days
C
20 days
D
30 days
30.The table below contains data about a
worldwide infection in 2009.
Number of
adults
Number of
children
Had this infection
at the start of 2009
30·8 × 106
2·5 × 106
Contracted this
infection during
2009
2·2 × 106
0·4 × 106
Died from this
infection during
2009
1·6 × 106
0·2 × 106
How many people in the world had this
infection at the start of 2010?
A
35·9 × 106
B
34·1 × 106
C
33·3 × 106
D
31·5 × 106
Candidates are reminded that the answer sheet MUST be returned
INSIDE the front cover of this answer booklet.
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SECTION B
Marks
All questions in this section should be attempted.
All answers must be written clearly and legibly in ink.
1. The human body contains hundreds of cell types all of which have developed from
stem cells in the early embryo.
Nerve cells
Liver cells
Cardiac muscle cells
(a) (i) What are stem cells?
1
(ii) Name two types of cell that may develop from tissue stem cells in red
bone marrow.
1
1
2
(b) (i) What type of cell division only occurs in germline cells?
1
(ii) Suggest why mutations in germline cells could have serious consequences.
1
(c) A company has developed a drug that could treat the symptoms of an inherited
disease. Before proceeding to clinical trials using volunteers, the company
decides to carry out additional tests in the laboratory using stem cells.
What ethical considerations might have influenced this decision to use stem
cells?
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Marks
2. The diagram below shows stages in the synthesis of a protein.
stage 2
stage 1
primary
mRNA
molecule
stage 3
final
mRNA
molecule
synthesised
protein
Chromosomal
DNA
(a) Complete the table below to name stages 1 and 3 and give the exact location
within the cell where these stages occur.
Stage
Name
Exact location
1
3
2
(b) Name the enzyme that catalyses stage 1 of this process.
1
(c) (i) Explain why a primary mRNA molecule is so much shorter than
chromosomal DNA.
1
(ii) Explain why a final mRNA molecule is shorter than a primary mRNA
molecule.
1
(d)Name two forms of RNA, not shown in the diagram, that are involved in protein
synthesis.
1
2
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3. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of substrate concentration on
product production in an enzyme controlled reaction.
The enzyme urease was used which breaks down urea into ammonia.
urease
ureaammonia
Urease and urea solutions were mixed together
and added to test tubes containing agar jelly as
shown in the diagram.
Five different concentrations of urea solution
were added to the test tubes.
During the reaction the ammonia produced
diffused through the agar changing the indicator
from yellow to blue.
rubber stopper
urease and urea
solution
agar jelly
containing indicator
The length of the agar stained blue was measured
after the experiment had been allowed to run for
48 hours. Results are shown in the table below.
Urea concentration added (molar)
Average length of agar stained blue (mm)
0·50
32
0·25
16
0·13
8
0·06
4
0·03
2
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Marks
3. (continued)
(a) Plot a line graph to illustrate the results of the experiment.
(Additional graph paper, if required, can be found on Page thirty-two).
2
(b)Name three variables which should be controlled when setting up this
investigation.
1
2
3
2
(c) What feature of this investigation makes the results reliable?
1
(d) Explain why the test tubes had to be left for 48 hours before the results were
obtained.
1
(e) What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this experiment?
1
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Marks
3. (continued)
(f) Use the information in the table to predict the length of agar that would have been
stained blue if a 0·75 molar solution of urea had been used in the experiment.
Space for calculation
1
(g) Thiourea is a competitive inhibitor of urease.
In a further experiment another test tube of agar jelly had the urease solution,
0·5 molar urea and 0·5 molar thiourea added to it.
After 48 hours 7 mm of agar had turned blue.
(i) Explain why less agar turned blue in this experiment than in the first
experiment which also used 0·5 molar urea solution.
1
(ii) Explain why 7 mm of agar jelly was able to turn blue in this experiment.
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4. The diagram below summarises part of the respiratory pathway within a cell.
oxygen absent
Stage 1
Glucose
Stage 2
intermediate
compounds
Marks
compound X
pyruvate
acetyl coenzyme A
oxygen present
(a) Stage 1 is the energy investment stage of glycolysis while stage 2 is the energy
pay-off stage of glycolysis.
(i) What happens during the energy investment stage?
1
(ii) What happens during the energy pay-off stage?
1
(b) During glycolysis hydrogen ions are released.
(i) Name the type of enzyme that removes hydrogen ions from one of the
intermediate compounds.
1
(ii) Name the coenzyme molecule that the hydrogen ions are passed to.
1
(c) (i) Name compound X.
1
(ii) Describe what happens to acetyl coenzyme A in the next stage of the
respiratory pathway.
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5. Sickle cell disease is an autosomal blood disorder in which a faulty form of haemoglobin,
called haemoglobin S, is produced. This protein is an inefficient carrier of oxygen.
Marks
The allele for normal haemoglobin (H) is incompletely dominant to the allele for
haemoglobin S (S).
Heterozygous individuals (HS) suffer from a milder condition called sickle cell trait.
The diagram below shows the incidence of these conditions in three generations of a
family.
1
2
3
4
male with sickle
cell trait
male with sickle
cell disease
unaffected
female
female with
sickle cell trait
5
(a) State the genotypes of individuals 1 and 5.
1
5
1
(b) Individuals 3 and 4 go on to have a 3rd child.
What is the percentage chance that this child will have the same genotype as the
parents?
Space for calculation
%
1
(c) Sickle cell disease is caused by a substitution mutation in the gene that codes for
haemoglobin.
(i) Describe how this form of mutation affects the structure of the gene.
1
(ii) Suggest how this might change the structure of a protein such as
haemoglobin.
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Marks
5. (continued)
(d) During IVF treatment, it is possible to detect single gene disorders in fertilised
eggs before they are implanted into the mother.
What term describes this procedure?
1
(e) It has been discovered that the gene which codes for fetal haemoglobin is
unaffected by the substitution mutation that causes sickle cell disease.
This gene is “switched off” at birth.
Use this information to suggest how a drug designed to treat sickle cell anaemia
in young children could function.
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Marks
6. The diagram represents a section through an artery.
Elastic
tissue
X
lumen
lumen
Muscle
tissue
(a) How does the presence of muscle in the artery wall help to control the flow of
blood around the body?
1
(b) Name part X.
1
(c) An atheroma may develop under part X and cause the lumen diameter to
decrease. This may lead to high blood pressure.
(i) What term is used to describe the condition where someone has persistently
high blood pressure?
1
(ii) The atheroma may damage part X, resulting in a blood clot (thrombus).
Describe the series of events that occur between the damage to part X and
the formation of the clot.
3
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Marks
7. The graph below shows how a man’s heart beat and stroke volume changed as his
oxygen uptake increased.
KEY
stroke volume
180
140
160
120
140
100
120
80
100
60
80
0
0·4
0·8
1·2
1·6
Rate of oxygen uptake (litres/minute)
2·0
Stroke volume (cm3)
Pulse rate (beats/minute)
pulse rate
160
2·4
(a) (i) What was the man’s pulse rate when his rate of oxygen uptake was
1·2 litres/minute?
1
(ii) Describe how the stroke volume of his heart changed as oxygen uptake
increased.
1
(iii) What was the stroke volume of his heart when his pulse rate was 110 beats
per minute?
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Marks
7. (continued)
(b) What was the cardiac output of the man’s heart when his rate of oxygen uptake
was 2·4 litres per minute?
Space for calculation
litres/min
1
(c) Name the pacemaker which generates the impulses that cause the heart to
contract and the hormone which increases the rate of these contractions.
Pacemaker
Hormone
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Marks
8.(a) The graph shows changes in blood glucose concentrations in diabetic and
non-diabetic individuals after each has consumed a glucose drink.
Blood glucose concentration
(m mol/litre)
14
12
10
8
Individual A
normal blood glucose
concentration
6
Individual B
4
2
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
Time (minutes)
Glucose
drinks
consumed
(i) Individual A had been diagnosed as having type 1 diabetes.
Describe two ways in which the graph confirms this diagnosis.
1
2
1
(ii) Explain why the blood glucose concentration of individual A starts to
decrease after one hour.
1
(b) Describe the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
1
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Marks
9.(a) The graph shows obesity data for England in 1993 and 2002.
Individuals are described as obese if they have a body mass index (BMI) of
30 or greater.
350
Frequency of obesity
(Number/1000)
300
298
300
256
250
230
212
200
194
170
150
107
100
1993
2002
113
67
50
0
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
Age range (years)
(i)What two measurements are needed to calculate BMI?
1
1
2
(ii) Describe two general trends shown in the graph.
1
2
1
(iii) In 2002 the number of people in England aged 35 to 44 was 6 million.
How many people aged 35 to 44 were obese?
Space for calculation
Number of people
1
(b) Explain why individuals who are obese are advised to limit their intake of free
sugars.
1
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Marks
10. The diagram shows the main parts of the human brain as seen in a vertical section.
P
U
T
S
R
Q
(a) Complete the table by adding the correct letters, names and functions of the
parts.
Part
Name
Function
P
cerebellum
regulates arousal and sleep
3
(b)Structure T is the hypothalamus.
(i) Explain how the hypothalamus influences structure S.
1
(ii) State one regulatory function of the hypothalamus.
1
(c) Name the process which the brain uses to make sense of incoming sensory
information and explain how this process leads to the recognition of objects.
Process
Explanation
2
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Marks
11. A student carried out an investigation into how age affects learning ability.
Eight children from three different age groups were each given five attempts to
complete a twenty-piece jigsaw puzzle, in as fast a time as possible.
The fastest times that they achieved are shown in the table below.
average
8 year-olds
123
98
111
138
87
136
79
120
111·5
Fastest time achieved (s)
12 year-olds
16 year-olds
97
99
68
74
75
62
112
67
93
84
83
101
75
58
81
55
75·0
(a) Calculate the average fastest time achieved by the 12 year-old children and write
your answer in the table above.
Space for calculation
1
(b)Describe two additional variables which would have to be kept constant to ensure
that a valid comparison could be made between the three groups of children.
1
2
1
(c) What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this investigation?
1
(d) (i) Suggest why the first attempt to complete the puzzle was always slower
than the fifth attempt, no matter the age of the child.
1
(ii) Suggest why some children did not produce their fastest time on their fifth
attempt.
1
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11. (continued)
Marks
(e) It was found that most of the children completed the puzzle faster if other
children were in the room competing against them.
What is this effect called?
[C275/SQP364]
1
26
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Marks
12. The immune system protects the body from infection.
(a) The table contains information about cells of the immune system.
Complete the table to identify the cell types and their functions.
Cell type
Function
Releases cytokines
B lymphocyte
Induces apoptosis
2
(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term active immunity.
1
(ii) Describe the role of memory cells in providing long term immunity to a
disease.
1
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12. (continued)
Marks
(c) The graph shows the number of whooping cough cases over a 65 year period.
180
160
Number of cases
(thousands)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
(i) Use the graph to determine in which year a vaccine for whooping cough
was introduced.
1
Year
(ii) In 1977 newspaper reports suggested that the vaccine was unsafe.
This led to a reduction in the number of children being vaccinated.
Calculate the percentage increase in cases of whooping cough between
1977 and 1978.
Space for calculation
%
1
(iii) The number of cases of whooping cough drops to a very low level after
2000 due to herd immunity.
Explain what is meant by the term “herd immunity”.
[C275/SQP364]
2
28
Page twenty-eight
13. The diagrams below contain information about the causes of death and survival rates
in two countries in 2010.
Accidents
Figure 1 - Causes of death in countries A and B during 2010
Heart disease
Respiratory
diseases
Diseases of
infancy (including
diarrhoeal diseases)
Cancer
All others
Infectious
diseases
Ac
Cerebro-vascular
cid
ts
en
Respiratory
diseases
Suicide/
Homicide
Digestive
diseases
Country A
Country B
Figure 2 - Percentage survival rates in countries A and B in 2010
Percentage of population surviving
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
Age (years)
Country A
60
Country B
[C275/SQP364]
29
Page twenty-nine
80
Cerebro-vascular
r
nce
Ca
Heart disease
All others
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Marks
13. (continued)
(a) (i) Identify the main cause of death in each country in 2010.
Country A
Country B
1
(ii) Country B takes no public health measures to control the incidence of
heart disease.
Suggest a reason for the lower incidence of heart disease in country B.
1
(b) An international charity organisation made a decision in 2010 to spend less
money on research into heart disease and more money on research into infectious
diseases.
What is likely to be the long-term consequence of this decision on the number
of cases of heart disease in country B?
Give a reason for your answer.
Consequence
Reason
1
(c) (i) What percentage of the population of country A die before the age of 20?
1
%
(ii) In 1950 three million babies were born in country B.
Assuming no emigration occurred, how many of these individuals were
still alive in 2010?
Space for calculation
1
(d) Malaria is endemic in country B.
Explain the meaning of the term endemic.
[C275/SQP364]
1
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Marks
SECTION C
Both questions in this section should be attempted.
Note that each question contains a choice
Question 1 and 2 should be attempted on the blank pages which follow.
Supplementary sheets, if required, may be obtained from the invigilator.
Labelled diagrams may be used where appropriate.
1.Answer either A or B.
A
Give an account of DNA under the following headings:
(i) the structure of DNA;
5
(ii) the replication of DNA.
5
(10)
OR
B
Give an account of the nervous system under the following headings:
(i) the somatic nervous system;
3
(ii) the autonomic nervous system.
7
(10)
In question 2, ONE mark is available for coherence and ONE mark is available
for relevance.
2.Answer either A or B.
A
Describe hormonal control of the first half of the menstrual cycle.
(10)
OR
B
Describe the causes and transmission of infectious diseases and the methods that
can be used to control these diseases.
(10)
[END OF SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER]
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SPACE FOR ANSWERS
ADDITIONAL GRAPH FOR QUESTION 3(a)
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Page thirty-five
[C275/SQP364]
Human Biology
Higher (Revised)
Specimen Marking Instructions
for use in and after 2012
[C275/SQP364]
36
NATIONAL
QUALIFICATIONS
©
Human Biology Higher (Revised)
Specimen Question Paper
Marking Scheme
Section A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
[C275/SQP364]
A
C
C
B
B
D
A
A
B
C
C
D
B
A
D
D
B
C
A
A
B
C
D
A
C
C
D
B
A
B
37
Page two
Human Biology Higher (Revised)
Specimen Question Paper
Section B
Note – If a word is underlined it is essential while if it is bracketed it is not essential.
Words separated by a / are acceptable alternatives.
Question
1(a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c)
2 (a)
AcceptableAnswer
Mark
Content
A-Type
Cells that are (relatively) unspecialised /
undifferentiated.
1
KU
Red blood cell / white blood cell / phagocyte /
lymphocyte / platelet.
1
KU
Meiosis.
1
KU
(The mutation) can be passed on to offspring /
children
or
(The mutation) can lead to testicular cancer /
ovarian cancer.
1
KU
1 mark
It is safer than using the drug directly on humans /
trial subjects
or
Is it right to use embryos to extract stem cells?
or
Is it right to deprive sufferers of a potential
treatment?
or
Is it right to use stem cells rather than animals?
any 2
2
KU
2 marks
Transcription and nucleus. 1 mark
Translation and ribosome / rough ER.
2
KU
1 mark
(b)
RNA polymerase.
1
KU
(c) (i)
Only one gene is transcribed / forms mRNA.
or
The primary mRNA only codes for one protein.
1
KU
1 mark
Introns / non coding regions of genes are removed
(in RNA splicing)
or
The final mRNA only contains exons / coding
regions of genes
1
KU
1 mark
tRNA and rRNA
1
KU
(ii)
(d)
[C275/SQP364]
38
Page three
Question
Mark
Content
Correct scales and labels on axes – 1 mark
Points correctly plotted and line drawn – 1 mark
2
Skill 2
(b)
1. volume of urea solution
2. volume of urease solution
3. concentration of urease solution
4. volume / length of agar / diameter of test tube
5. volume / concentration of indicator in agar
6. temperature (of the contents) of the test tubes
7. pH of the agar / concentration of the agar.
2 correct = 1 mark
2
Skill 4
(c)
The experiment was repeated at each urea
concentration (and an average calculated).
1
Skill 5
1 mark
(d)
To allow time for the ammonia to (fully) diffuse /
spread through the agar / jelly.
1
Skill 5
1 mark
(e)
As the urea concentration increased more
ammonia was produced.
or
As the urea concentration decreased less ammonia
was produced.
1
Skill 6
(f)
48mm
1
Skill 7
(g) (i)
Thiourea blocked the active site on the urease.
1
KU
Not all active sites were blocked / some active sites
were still available.
1
KU
(Two) ATP molecules are broken down / used up
(to provide energy).
or
Phosphorylation occurs.
1
KU
(Four) ATP molecules are produced.
1
KU
Dehydrogenase.
1
KU
NAD
1
KU
X is lactic acid .
1
KU
It combines with oxaloacetate / oxaloacetic acid to
form citrate / citric acid.
1
KU
3 (a)
(ii)
4 (a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c) (i)
(ii)
[C275/SQP364]
AcceptableAnswer
39
Page four
A-Type
1 mark
Question
5 (a)
AcceptableAnswer
1 - HH
and
5 – SS.
Mark
Content
1
Skill 1
A-Type
(b)
50%.
1
Skill 3
(c) (i)
It alters the DNA nucleotide sequence / replaces
one nucleotide with another.
1
KU
1 mark
An incorrect amino acid is placed in the protein /
polypeptide chain / haemoglobin.
or
One amino acid is replaced by another in the
protein / polypeptide chain /haemoglobin.
or
The amino acid sequence is shortened (due to a
stop codon).
1
KU
1 mark
(d)
Pre-implantation Genetic Screening.
1
KU
(e)
This drug could switch on the gene for fetal
haemoglobin (in the child so haemoglobin is
produced)
or
This drug could stop the gene being switched off
(in the child)
1
KU
It can contract / vasoconstrict to reduce blood flow
to some areas
or
It can relax / vasodilate to increase blood flow to
some areas
1
KU
(b)
Endothelium
1
KU
(c) (i)
Hypertension
1
KU
1. Damage releases clotting factors.
2. Prothrombin (enzyme) is converted / activated /
changed into thrombin.
3. Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin (by the
thrombin).
4. Fibrin is insoluble / forms a meshwork (that
clots the blood).
1 mark per line, any 3 correct for 3 marks.
3
KU
(ii)
6 (a)
(ii)
[C275/SQP364]
40
Page five
1 mark
2 marks
Question
Mark
Content
98 beats/minute
1
Skill 1
(ii)
Stroke volume increased as oxygen uptake
increased until 2 litres/min, after which it
remained constant.
1
Skill 1
(iii)
150
1
Skill 1
(b)
18.72
1
Skill 3
(c)
Pacemaker – sinoatrial node / SAN
Hormone – adrenaline.
2
KU
1. Blood glucose level does not return to normal
(after 150 minutes).
2. Blood glucose level decreases slowly / slower
than B.
3. Blood glucose level increases to a high level /
higher than B.
Any 2 correct for 1 mark
1
Skill 1
Glucose is being used up by respiration
or
Glucose is being removed / excreted in urine.
1
KU
An individual with type 1 diabetes cannot produce
insulin while individuals with type 2 diabetes have
cells that are less sensitive to insulin.
1
KU
1. weight
2. height (squared).
1
KU
(ii)
1. As age increases frequency / number of cases of
obesity increases
2. Between 1993 and 2002 the frequency /
number of cases of obesity increased (in all age
ranges).
1
Skill 1
(iii)
1.536 million / 1 536 000
1
Skill 3
As free sugars require no metabolic energy to be
expended in their digestion.
1
KU
7 (a) (i)
8 (a) (i)
(ii)
(b)
9 (a) (i)
(b)
[C275/SQP364]
AcceptableAnswer
41
Page six
A-Type
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
Question
AcceptableAnswer
Mark
Content
Cerebrum and centre of conscious thought /
receives sensory information / coordinates
voluntary movements / makes decisions / recalls
memories / alters behaviour in the light of
experience.
1 mark
Q and controls balance / posture / movement.
1 mark
R and medulla.
1 mark
3
KU
(b) (i)
It inhibits / stimulates / influences hormone
secretions / release (from the pituitary gland)
or
It releases hormones for storage (in the pituitary
gland).
1
KU
(ii)
It controls / regulates the contraction of smooth
muscle
or
It controls / regulates body temperature / water
balance
1
KU
Process - Perception
Explanation - It allows segregation / separation of
objects from one another / their background
or
It allows the recognition of objects from shape
descriptions stored in memory.
2
KU
85.5
1
Skill 3
(b)
1. Each group has a similar gender balance.
2. Each group completed the same jigsaw puzzle.
3. Each group contained children with similar
(physical / mental) abilities.
4. The investigation was carried out in the same
environmental conditions e.g. same room
/same temperature /same time of day /no
distractions were present.
1
Skill 5
(c)
As children get older they learn faster (how to
complete puzzles).
1
Skill 6
(d) (i)
On the first attempt it took the child some time to
work out / learn where to place the pieces but by
the fifth attempt they had learned where the pieces
went.
1
KU
Some children had become bored with / lost
interest in the puzzle by the fifth attempt.
1
Skill 5
Social facilitation.
1
KU
10(a)
(c)
11(a)
(ii)
(e)
[C275/SQP364]
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Page seven
A-Type
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
Question
AcceptableAnswer
Mark
Content
Phagocyte / NK cells / Natural killer cells
Produce antibodies
T lymphocyte / NK cells / Natural killer cells
2 correct for 1 mark
2
KU
(b) (i)
Production of antibodies in response to (foreign)
antigens.
1
KU
(ii)
Memory cells (are lymphocytes which) remain in
the body after infection and respond rapidly /
quickly to a second infection by the same
organism.
1
KU
(c) (i)
1956
1
Skill 1
(ii)
1600
1
Skill 3
(iii)
A large percentage of the population have been
immunised.
1 mark
This means non-immune individuals are protected
because there is a very low chance that they will
come into contact with infected individuals.
1 mark
2
KU
Country A – Heart disease
Country B – Infectious diseases
1
Skill 1
Dietary factors such as lower fats / calorie intake
or
Shorter life span so no time to develop heart
disease
or
More active life style.
1
KU
1 mark
(b)
Consequence - number of cases of heart disease
increases.
Reason – Longer life span due to less infectious
diseases therefore more chance of developing heart
disease.
1
Skill 7
1 mark
(c) (i)
24 or 25
1
Skill 1
(ii)
300 000
1
Skill 3
Regular cases occur / it is always present in
country B
1
KU
12(a)
13(a) (i)
(ii)
(d)
[C275/SQP364]
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Page eight
A-Type
1 mark
Human Biology Higher (Revised)
Specimen Question Paper
Section C Marking Instructions
1 A
Give an account of DNA under the following headings:
5
(i) The structure of DNA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Consists of strands of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is made up of deoxyribose (sugar), a phosphate and a base.
Nucleotides bond to form a sugar-phosphate backbone.
Bases are paired – adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine.
There are hydrogen bonds between bases.
Double helix.
Antiparallel strands / deoxyribose and phosphate at 3’ and 5’ end of each strand.
5
(ii) The replication of DNA
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
DNA unwinds or H bonds break / unzips.
Primer needed (to start replication).
DNA polymerase.
Adds complementary nucleotides to the deoxyribose / 3’ end (of the lead chain).
This strand is replicated continuously and the other strand is replicated in
fragments.
13. Fragments are joined by ligase.
14. Replication occurs at several locations on the DNA molecule (at the same time).
15. Two new identical double helices / DNA molecules produced.
1 B
Give an account of the nervous system under the following headings:
(iii) The somatic nervous system (SNS)
1.
2.
3.
The somatic nervous system controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
It controls (mainly) voluntary actions.
Sensory neurones (of the SNS) carry impulses into the CNS / brain from the
senses.
Motor neurones (of the SNS) carry impulses out of the CNS / brain to muscles.
SNS does control some reflex actions.
4.
5.
(iv) The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
[C275/SQP364]
3
The ANS works automatically / without conscious control.
Impulses originate in the medulla (region of the brain)
It is made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
These two systems are antagonistic in action.
The sympathetic system prepares the body for fight or flight.
The parasympathetic system prepares the body for rest and digest.
Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling heart rate.
Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling breathing rate.
Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling peristalsis.
Correct description of the effect of the ANS in controlling intestinal secretions.
44
Page nine
7
2 A
Describe hormonal control of the first half of the menstrual cycle.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
10
Cycle starts with menstruation.
Menstruation is a breakdown of the lining of uterus/endometrium.
The pituitary gland secretes FSH.
FSH stimulates the growth of a follicle.
The follicle / ovary produces oestrogen.
Oestrogen stimulates the repair of the endometrium / uterus lining.
Oestrogen stimulates changes in the consistency / viscosity of cervical mucus.
Oestrogen also stimulates the production of LH.
LH is produced by the pituitary gland.
LH brings about ovulation
Rising levels of oestrogen inhibit FSH production.
This is an example of negative feedback.
8 from 12
The coherence and relevance marks are only awarded when at least five marks have been scored
from points 1 to 12 and the following criteria are met.
Relevance – A single short reference to an irrelevant point is not penalised but development of the point
is penalised. However, two irrelevant points without development are penalised. For example, mention
of two or more of the following will lose this mark:
Progesterone, corpus luteum, pregnancy, secondary sexual characteristics, irrelevant
hormones such as prolactin and oxytocin.
1 mark
Coherence – Response should contain paragraphs / subheadings, have a logical sequence and be written
in sentences (not bullet points).
1 mark
2 B
Describe the causes and transmission of infectious diseases and the methods that
can be used to control these diseases.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
Pathogens can be bacteria and viruses.
Two other examples of pathogens e.g. fungi, protozoa, (multicellular) parasites.
A specific example of a disease and its causative organism.
Transmission of the disease can be by physical contact, food, water, body fluids,
air or vector organisms. (1 mark for 3 or 4, 2 marks for 5)
A specific example of a disease and its means of transmission.
Control of transmission can be by quarantine / antisepsis / control of vectors .
Individual responsibility for control of transmission through good hygiene / safe
food handling / care in sexual health.
10. Community responsibility for control of transmission through having a quality
water supply / safe food webs / appropriate waste disposal.
11. Epidemiology looks at factors which affect the spread of diseases.
12. Diseases can be controlled by drugs / immunisation.
8 from 12
The coherence and relevance marks are only awarded when at least five marks have been scored
from points 1 to 12 and the following criteria are met.
Relevance – A single short reference to an irrelevant point is not penalised but development of the point
is penalised. However, two irrelevant points without development are penalised. For example, mention
of two or more of the following will lose this mark:
Genetic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, drug addiction, diabetes, cancer.
1 mark
Coherence – Response should contain paragraphs / subheadings, have a logical sequence and be written
in sentences (not bullet points).
1 mark
[C275/SQP364]
45
Page ten
HUMAN BIOLOGY HIGHER (Revised) - SPECIMEN PAPER ANALYSIS
Qu
Source of Question
K
U
Skills
U
1
U
2
1
new
6
0
6
6
3
b(ii), c x2
2
new
6
0
6
12
2
c(i), c(ii)
3
1997 H Human Q12 adapted
2
8
2
22
2
c, d
4
new
6
0
6
28
1
c(ii)
5
new
4
2
3
1
34
3
c(i), c(ii), e
6
new
6
0
6
40
2
c(ii) x2
7
2001 H Human Q7 adapted
2
4
2
46
1
b
8
1999 H Human Q7 adapted
2
1
2
49
1
a(ii)
9
2009 Ad Higher Q1 adapted
2
2
2
53
1
a(iii)
10
2005 H Human Q9 adapted
7
0
7
60
2
b(i), c x1
11
2002 H Human Q11 adapted
2
4
2
66
2
b, d(ii)
12
2008 H Biotech Q2 adapted
6
2
6
74
1
c(iii) x1
13
1996 H Human Q11 adapted
2
4
2
80
2
a(ii), b
1A
2002 H Human Q1A adapted
1B
new
2A
2003 H Human Q2A adapted
2B
new
23
U
3
U
4
Running
Total
5
5
5
5
27
2
3
13
9
8
80
11
3
11
3
2
30
Section C
5
5
5
5
20
TOTALS
3
1
29
17
15
130
Section B
53
Section A
[C275/SQP364]
46
‘A’ type
Page eleven
Specimen Paper – Analysis of Section A
1
Source
(year)
new
2
new
Q
3
2007
Unit
KU
1
*
1
Q2
Skill
Key
AType
A
3
C
1
*
C
4
new
1
*
B
5
2004 Q9
2
*
B
6
2010 Q16
2
7
2008 Q14
2
*
A
8
2008 Q17
2
*
A
9
2004 Q10
2
10
2007 Q17
2
*
C
*
11
2006 Q10
2
*
C
*
12
2008 Q11
2
*
D
13
new
2
14
2006 Q17
2
*
A
15
new
2
*
D
16
new
2
*
D
17
2005 Q20
2
*
B
18
2002 Q29
2
1&3
C
19
2009 Q21
2
1
A
20
2004 Q17
2
21
2010
3
22
2002 Q21
3
*
C
23
new
3
*
D
24
2007 Q26
3
25
2003 Q28
3
*
C
26
new
4
*
C
27
new
4
*
D
*
28
new
4
5
B
*
29
2007 Q12
4
1
A
30
new
4
3
B
[C275/SQP364]
47
3
1&3
3
*
D
*
B
B
*
*
A
6
5
Page twelve
*
B
*
A
*
Analysis of Skills Questions in the Human Biology Specimen Paper
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Skills of scientific experimentation,
investigation and enquiry
Select relevant information from texts,
tables, charts, keys, graphs or diagrams
Present information appropriately in a
variety of forms, including written
summaries, extended writing, tables and/or
graphs
Process information accurately using
calculations, including percentages, averages
and/or ratios. Significant figures and units
should be used appropriately.
Plan and design experimental procedures to
test given hypotheses or to illustrate
particular effects. This could include
identification of variables, controls and
measurements or observations required.
Evaluate experimental procedures in
situations which are unfamiliar by
commenting on the purpose or approach, the
suitability and effectiveness of procedures,
the control of variables, the limitations of
equipment, possible sources of error and/or
suggestions for improvement.
Draw valid conclusions and give
explanations supported by evidence or
justification. Conclusions should include
reference to the overall pattern to readings
or observations, trends in results, or
comment on the connection between
variables and controls.
Make predictions and generalisations based
on available evidence.
Section A
Section B
9, 18, 19, 29.
5a, 7a, 8a(i),
9a(ii), 12c(i),
13a(i), 13c(i).
3a
2, 6, 9, 13, 18,
30.
5b, 7b, 9a(iii),
11a, 12c(ii),
13c(ii).
3b
24, 28.
3c, 3d, 11b,
11d(ii),
21.
3e, 11c,
3f, 13b
[END OF SPECIMEN MARKING INSTRUCTIONS]
[C275/SQP364]
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