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Station 1: Photosynthesis and Respiration 1) Describe, in words, what photosynthesis allows plants to do. Photosynthesis allows plants to use the power of sunlight to combine water and carbon dioxide into sugar. 2) Where in the plant cells does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplasts 3) You observe that a plant is wilting and dying. It is in the open air, with plenty of sunlight and nutrients. What substance must it be lacking? Water 4) If you were to supply the missing substance in question #3 what would the plant begin to produce? Glucose (sugar) and oxygen 5) What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? They are opposites of each other 6) Do plants use cellular respiration? Yes 7) The early atmosphere of the Earth had nearly no oxygen. Based on this information, which had to evolve first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain. Photosynthesis. Because without oxygen you can’t have cellular respiration. Station 2: Food Chains and Food Webs 8) Use the following information to construct a food web: Organism Caterpillar Ladybird beetle Field mouse Dandelion Owl Sparrow Aphid Sunflower See page below for web. What it consumes Sunflower, dandelion Aphid Dandelion, caterpillar (nothing) Sparrow, field mouse Ladybird beetle, caterpillar Sunflower, dandelion (nothing) 9) Which organisms in your web are primary producers? Dandelion, sunflower 10) Which organisms in your web are primary consumers? Caterpillar, aphid, field mouse 11) Which organism would be the apex predator? Owl 12) Are there any species that occupy more than one trophic level? Which species? (You do not have to list their trophic levels) Yes. Field mouse, owl 13) Why are food webs considered superior to food chains in ecology? They show all the connections, not just one (they are more accurate) Owl Sparrow Field mouse Ladybird Beetle Caterpillar Aphid Sunflower Dandelion Station 3: Energy Flow in Ecosystems 14) In the previous station sunflowers and dandelions are said to consume “nothing.” However, this is not completely true. Where do they get their energy from? The sun 15) Is there more energy available at the bottom or top of a food chain? Bottom 16) About what percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to another? 10% 17) Place the organisms in a suitable location on the energy pyramid (think of it like a food chain; what goes on bottom?): Wheat Hawk Snake Mouse Grasshopper Hawk Snake Hawk Mouse Grasshopper Wheat 18) If you have 50 kilograms of hawks in the ecosystem from #17, about what mass of snakes would you need to support them? 500 kilograms 19) If you had 293,901 kilograms of wheat in the ecosystem from #17, about what mass of mice could be supported? 2,939 kilograms 20) How many hawks could be supported on 293, 901 kilograms of wheat? 29 kilograms 21) Review: what form does most waste energy take? Heat Station 4: Organism Relationships 22) What does the term “symbiosis” translate to? “Together life” 23) Cockroaches have adapted to live around humans. Humans aren’t hurt by this, but the cockroaches have become very successful. How would you classify this type of relationship? Commensalism 24) Leeches are a water-dwelling organism that attach to animals and suck their blood. How would you classify this type of relationship? Parasitism 25) Termites have special bacteria that live in their gut. These bacteria are able to digest cellulose, allowing the termites to eat wood when most organisms cannot. How would you classify this relationship? Mutualism 26) Wildebeest are large herbivores that are common in Africa. They live in large herds, allowing them to watch out for dangers by having many pairs of eyes all at once. Would this count as symbiosis? No; it doesn’t involve more than one species 27) Wildebeest are commonly eaten by crocodiles. How would you classify this type of relationship? Predator/prey 28) Discuss briefly why it might be beneficial for two organisms to cooperate in a mutualism. Answers vary 29) The public is often worried about saving certain charismatic species (save the whales!) but conservationists often emphasize the need to preserve the whole ecosystem. Why would it be necessary to save many species at once rather than just one? Because many species rely on others to survive. A single species can’t survive without the support of many others Station 5: Population 30) What are the three criteria for a population in biology? Same species, same area, interbreeding 31) What are two common restrictions on population growth? (We talked about several) Food, water, shelter, parasites, disease, predators, space 32) Which duck has the highest fitness? Explain your answer. Individual # of eggs laid # of eggs hatched # of chicks survive to adulthood # of chicks # of chicks that have that die of offspring old age Duck #1 9 8 7 2 2 Duck #2 10 4 3 2 1 Duck #3 4 4 3 1 0 Duck #4 6 4 3 3 0 Duck #4; because it had the most offspring that lived to adulthood and reproduced. 33) What is the carrying capacity of a population? How many individuals an area can support 34) What happens to a population if it exceeds its carrying capacity? It will crash back down below it 35) What type of growth does a population undergo if restrictions are lifted? Draw a simple graph of what it would look like. Exponential (graph curves upward) 36) Which of the graphs below is a reasonable depiction of a regular population looks like over time? Explain. C. Because populations don’t settle down to just one value. A B C Station 6: Human Impact 37) What is the greenhouse effect? When light energy from the sun is trapped by the atmosphere. 38) Which gas is most responsible for the greenhouse effect? Carbon dioxide (CO2) 39) Is this gas considered a pollutant? No. 40) What is the name of the phenomenon that is occurring right now that has caused us to have a great deal of interest in the greenhouse effect? Global warming 41) How can energy act as a pollutant? Specifically, what negative effects do types of energy have on organisms? Light and sound can disrupt behaviors, heat can interfere with the temperature balance of an ecosystem 42) We are currently undergoing a mass extinction on this planet. As you talk to a friend about this they say, “This type of thing has never happened before. It’s unprecedented to have so many species go extinct.” As an ecological scientist, how would you respond? Support your answer. Your friend is not correct because mass extinctions are not new. At least five have happened in the history of the Earth. (Not that having a mass extinction is a good thing, mind you) 43) (Not on test): Why specifically is dumping sewage and fertilizer with excess nitrogen bad for waterways? It creates algal blooms which choke the ecosystem, first by blocking light from the plants and then eliminating all the oxygen as they decay 44) Review (not on test): Classify the following as either renewable or nonrenewable. i. Petroleum Non-renewable ii. Wheat Renewable iii. Sunlight Renewable iv. Coal Non-renewable v. Fish Renewable vi. Diamonds Non-renewable