Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Japanese militarism wikipedia , lookup
Colonialism wikipedia , lookup
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere wikipedia , lookup
Neocolonialism wikipedia , lookup
Imperialism wikipedia , lookup
American imperialism wikipedia , lookup
Scramble for Africa wikipedia , lookup
Western imperialism in Asia wikipedia , lookup
The Age of Imperialism Forms of Imperialism Colony Definition: A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power. Example: Somalia was a colony of France Protectorate Definition: A country or a territory with its own internal government, but under the control of an outside power. Example: Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River. OR Puerto Rico (US protectorate) Sphere of Influence Definition: An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. Example: Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the U.S. Economic Imperialism Definition: an independent, but less developed country controlled by private business interests (trade) rather than other governments. Countries can still set up their own governments. Example: The Dole Fruit Company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii. Indirect Control and Direct Control Definition: local government officials are used, but another stronger nation is in charge of the locals. Examples: US colonies on Pacific Islands (Guam) Definition: Foreign officials to brought in to rule country. There is no self rule. Goal: assimilation Examples: French colonies like Vietnam Paternalism and Assimilation Definition: treating colonized countries as children- providing for their needs, but not giving them rights. Example: Europeans didn’t trade locals in their governing ways. Definition: Local populations would adopt superior country’s culture. Examples: all schools, courts, and businesses are patterned after the superior country’s institutions. Western Countries colonized large areas of Africa & Asia, leading to political and cultural changes The Scramble for Africa Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states, Europeans established colonies Reasons for Imperialism IMPERIALISM: The take over of a country by a stronger country Began in 1880 Industrialization -needed resources/raw materials for factories -needed new markets to sell manufactured goods Discovery of diamonds & gold Africa Before European Domination 100s of ethnic & linguistic groups Traditional beliefs, but some beginning to convert to Islam or Christianity > 1000 different languages Large empires to independent villages Europeans had only navigated 10% of Africa’s coastlines Couldn’t navigate African rivers until steam engine invented Disease Africans controlled own trade and networks were specialized The Congo David Livingstone-missionary to promote Christianity-explored & mapped interior of Africa Henry Stanley-Newspaper reporter who found Livingstone “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Mapped Congo River & claimed land for King Leopold of Belgium Brutally exploited Africans through forced labor At least 10 million died Belgian conquest of the Congo lead to Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Italy & Portugal in a race to claim parts of Africa Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European Superiority National pride-larger the empire, greater their country 1 Missionaries-conversion to Christianity & end slave trade To Civilize & Westernize Racism-belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism-Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth & success and were considered superior to others Non-Europeans=less due to lack of scientific & technological discoveries Europeans had right & duty to bring their progress to other countries Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiority Automatic machine gun (the Maxim gun) vs outdated weaponry Steam engine: easy travel with railroads, cables, and steamships Quinine: drug to protect against malaria (disease carried by mosquitoes in interior Africa) Issues within Africa Lack of unity among Africans due to language & cultural barriers Wars between ethnic groups didn’t allow for unity Allowed Europeans to play rival groups against one another The Division of Africa Berlin Conference To prevent conflict/war between each other, 14 European nations laid down rules for the division of Africa Any European country could claim land by notifying other nations of claim and showing control of area PROBLEM: no African leaders included at Conference PROBLEM: no thought given to ethnic or language groups By 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia remained free Demand for Raw Materials NO new markets in Africa, but Europeans needed raw materials Mineral resources like copper, tin, diamonds & gold Developed cash crop plantations: peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber Caused starvation since families weren’t allowed to plant food crops South Africa Africans vs. Dutch vs. British Zulus vs British Shaka, Zulu chief = disciplined warriors/military with a large centralized state Could not hold out vs Britain’s superior weapons Boers vs British Dutch were first to settle in S. Africa for a station for ships traveling from Dutch East Indies & Netherlands Dutch/Boers/Afrikaners=Farmers, established large farms British wanted land because of gold & diamonds, so Boers moved north to avoid war: Great Trek Boer War/South African War: first modern “total” war Boers=guerrilla tactics British burnt farms & imprisoned women & children in diseasefilled concentration camps Black South Africans fought vs. British=concentration camps British win; became Union of South Africa Controlled until 1910 with the help of Tutu & Mandela to end apartheid Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire building that affected both Africa & the rest of the world Europeans in Africa Berlin Conference=Europeans only Boer War=European war, just fought in S. Africa Europeans paid little attention to historical political divisions or ethnic or language groups when dividing up Africa Idea of Europeans=control Africa’s land, people & resources to benefit European economies & adopt European customs Forms of Control #1 most foreign control to #4 with least control 1. Colony: 2. Protectorate 3. Sphere of influence 4. Economic imperialism 2 Imperial Management Methods Indirect Control Direct Control Nigeria Britain gained control of southern Nigeria with both diplomatic & military means Gained control of northern Nigeria with the Royal Niger Company Controlled the palm-oil trade One of most culturally diverse areas in Africa 250 different ethnic groups: largest= Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo Britain ruled indirectly Unsuccessful Resistance Algeria resisted France for almost 50 years West Africa vs French for 16 years led by Samori Toure’ Maji Maji Rebellion: East Africans vs Germans who believed magic water (maji-maji) would protect them against German machine guns 75,000 died in rebellion, then 150,000 died of famine from production of cash crops over food crops Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia Played the Italians, French & British against one another , building up his modern weaponry in the meantime Declared war on Italy & beat them, keeping Ethiopia independent Negative Effects of Colonialism Africans lost control of land & independence Died due to new diseases, war resisting the Europeans, & famines from producing cash crops Loss of traditional cultures Political division of African continent still create problems today Positive Effects of Colonialism Reduced local warfare Improvement in sanitation & hospitals and schools Increasing lifespans and literacy rates Economic expansion African products valued on international market Railroads, dams, & telephone/telegraph lines built Europeans claim Muslim lands Europeans nations expanded their empires by seizing territories from Muslim states Ottoman Empire Loses Power The inability to reform opened up the Middle East to European imperialism Weak leadership Corruption Theft Inflation Lag in technology Hurt military Rise in nationalism Greece & Serbia gain independence Geopolitics: An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products Ottoman Empire=very strategic location Access to Mediterranean and Atlantic sea trade Controlled Black Sea Russia wanted warm water port Oil in Persia (Iran) and the Arabian Peninsula drew major attention to region Crimean War Russians vs Ottomans for access to Black Sea Needed warm water port for year around trade Britain & France helped Ottomans Didn’t want Russia to gain too much land Women Army nurses used-Florence Nightingale First war to be covered by newspaper reporters Ottomans won But revealed military weaknesses Lost land in Balkan Region & Africa The Great Game Struggle between Britain & Russia over India Britain’s most profitable colony Russia wanted land and profits Afghanistan = location of struggle Afghanistan was independent Muslim nation Harsh terrain and nationalistic people proved to be overwhelming for imperial powers (SOUND FAMILIAR?!) Britain withdrew after decades of fighting British empire would not extend beyond Khyber Pass (Indian/Afghan border) Russia signed non-aggression pact with Afghanistan; broke when re-invaded in 1979 (Cold War-US, bin Laden, 9/11) Egypt’s Military & Economic Reforms Led by Muhammad Ali 3 gained independence from Ottomans gained Syria & Arabia Plantation cash crops-cotton International trade Peasants starved due to lack of food being produced Wealth out of India to Britain Industry died out due to British trade laws Raw materials only Buy only British manufactured goods Growth of cash crops=famine Racism by British Conversion to Christianity Major cash crop=Opium Later will impact China Sepoy Mutiny Caused because rumor of British using beef & pork fat to grease cartidges Cow sacred to Hindus; pig sacred to Muslims Failed due to divided Indians Muslims vs Hindus Nationalism Surfaces in India Ram Mohun Roy Make Indian society modern Wanted to free India from foreign control Nationalism Indians resented British discrimination Barred from best jobs in government Paid less than British counterparts Indian National Congress (Hindus)-creates India Muslim League –creates Pakistan Imperialism in Southeast Asia Demand for Asian products drove Western imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian lands European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim Pacific Rim: SE Asia and islands on edge of Pacific Plantation agriculture More benefits to Europe than to region World economy Roads, Harbors, Railroads Communication & Transportation Schooling, health and sanitation improved Migration from Europe & varying religions =tensions that still exist today Dutch: Indonesia Dutch East India Company Class system Dutch on top Wealthy & educated Indonesians Plantation workers Only 1/5 of farmers’ land for export crops British: Singapore, Malaysia and Burma (Myanmar) Suez Canal A human-made waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez Connected Red Sea to Mediterranean Built with French money by Egyptian labor Irrigation projects & communication networks put Egypt into debt British took financial control of canal Eventually leading to British occupation of Egypt Persia (Iran) Russia: Wanted access to Persian Gulf & Indian Ocean (WARM WATER PORT) Britain Buffer state between Russia & India Oil Divided Persia into spheres of influence Persia didn’t have capital (money) to develop own resources Concessions to Western businesses: Allowed businesses to buy right to operate in a certain area or develop a certain product British Petroleum (BP) British Imperialism in India As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized Indian territory and soon controlled almost the whole subcontinent British Expand Control over India British East India Company Controlled huge amounts of land Had own army Led by British officers Staffed by Sepoys: Indian soldiers “Jewel in the Crown” Most valuable British colony Main supplier of raw materials Large population=market Benefits of British rule: Railroads = 3rd largest in world Economy became more modern Telephone and telegraph lines Dams, bridges, canals Sanitation & public health education Negatives 4 Encouraged Chinese to move to Malaysia to work Malaysians became minority in own country Tensions between Chinese and Malaysians still exists today France: Indochina= Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam Direct rule and forced to adopt French culture No industry Vietnam Rice was major cash crop Led to famine Set stage for Vietnamese resistance (Vietnam War) Siam Remains Independent Siam (Thailand) Siamese kings played the French and British to remain free from both nations King Mongkut modernized Schools Legal system Government Railroads, telegraph lines Ended slavery China Resists Outside Influence Western economic pressure forced China to open to foreign trade & influence China & the West China’s pride in their ancient culture=looked down upon all foreigners Self-sufficient: agriculture, mining, manufacturing Economy based on exports, not imports Guangzhou: southern port, only place where foreigners were allowed to do business Tea-Opium Connection Opium-habit forming narcotic British merchants began smuggling it into China OPIUM WAR China vs Britain China loses-Treaty of Nanjing Britain gained island of Hong Kong (controlled until 2000) USA & other nations gained extraterritorial rights Foreigners not subject to laws of country: now allowed in Guangzhou & 4 other ports which were now open to foreign trade Taiping Rebellion China’s internal problems: rapidly growing population, barely increasing food supply; addiction to opium Taiping (Great Peace) Rebellion Led by Hong Xiuquan (shee-oo-choo-ahn) Believed Chinese people should share in country’s wealth and no one would live in poverty (early form of communism) Chinese, British and French troops defeated the Taiping 20 million + died in rebellion Dowager Empress Cixi (tsoo-shee) Traditional values with limited reform Updated educational system, diplomatic service, & military Manufactured steam-powered gunboats, rifles and ammunition Sphere of Influence An area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment USA’s Open Door Policy: China open to merchants of all nations Protected China’s freedom from colonization Poor peasants & workers (Boxers) resented special privileges to foreigners; & resented Chinese Christians who adopted foreign faith Multinational forces crushed Boxers, but nationalism surged Must resist more foreign intervention & government must be more responsive to their needs Modernization of Japan Japan followed the model of Western powers by industrializing and expanding its foreign influence The Demand for Foreign Trade Before mid-1800s, Japan only traded with China Treaty of Kanagawa Established by USA Commodore Matthew Perry Japan opened 2 ports for US to take on supplies Led to Japan granting permission for other foreign powers to trade in treaty ports Extraterritorial rights extended Meiji Era“Enlightened Rule” Modernization with the best from the West Germany’s government Socialist controlled companies/industries Germany’s army British navy 5 American public education Western industrialization Tea/silk=specialization for trade Shipbuilding Imperial Japan Became strongest military in Asia Eliminated extraterritorial rights Nationalism grew leading to imperialism by Japan Irony: Treaty to Bombing US gets Japan to sign Treaty of Kanagawa Japan builds to strongest military & industry and eliminates foreigners’ rights Schools in California began segregating Japanese children into their own schools Japan protested at treatment of emigrants Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to US in exchange for desegregation of California schools With US expanding colonies into Asia and Japan wanting to expand its’ empire, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor Sino-Japanese War 1. Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for trade 2. China protested b/c of its’ trade with Korea 3. 3 countries signed agreement not to send troops into Korea 4. China broke agreement to help Korea’s king put down rebellion 5. Japan sent troops in violation of treaty 6. Japan drove China out of Korea, destroyed China’s navy, gained land in Manchuria (mainland northern China) 7. Treaty gave Japan 1st colony: Taiwan Russo-Japanese War Japan’s victory over China shifted world’s balance of power Russia & Japan now leading powers in Asia=enemies War over Manchuria Russia wanted warm-water port in Asia Japan drove Russia out of Manchuria and destroyed its’ navy Treaty of Portsmouth by T. Roosevelt HUGE DEAL-1ST time non-European power defeated European power in “modern times” (since industrialization)= Japan as world power, not just in Asia 6 What differences did China and Japan have in their acceptance of the West? What was the significance for Russia and Japan and the World with the result of the RussoJapanese War? Explain the irony of the Treaty of Kanagawa.