Download The Age of Imperialism Forms of Imperialism Colony Definition: A


The Age of Imperialism
 Forms of Imperialism
 Colony
 Definition: A country or
territory governed internally by a
foreign power.
 Example: Somalia was a colony
of France
 Protectorate
 Definition: A country or a
territory with its own internal
government, but under the
control of an outside power.
 Example: Britain established a
protectorate over the Niger
River. OR Puerto Rico (US
protectorate)
 Sphere of Influence
 Definition: An area in which an
outside power claims exclusive
investment or trading privileges.
 Example: Liberia was under the
sphere of influence of the U.S.
 Economic Imperialism
 Definition: an independent, but
less developed country
controlled by private business
interests (trade) rather than
other governments.
 Countries can still set up their
own governments.
 Example: The Dole Fruit
Company controlled pineapple
trade in Hawaii.
 Indirect Control and Direct Control
 Definition: local government
officials are used, but another
stronger nation is in charge of the
locals.
 Examples: US colonies on Pacific
Islands (Guam)
 Definition: Foreign officials to
brought in to rule country. There
is no self rule.
 Goal: assimilation
 Examples: French colonies like
Vietnam
 Paternalism and Assimilation
 Definition: treating colonized
countries as children- providing
for their needs, but not giving
them rights.
Example: Europeans didn’t trade
locals in their governing ways.
 Definition: Local populations
would adopt superior country’s
culture.
 Examples: all schools, courts,
and businesses are patterned
after the superior country’s
institutions.
 Western Countries colonized large areas of Africa
& Asia, leading to political and cultural changes
The Scramble for Africa
 Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups,
kingdoms, and city-states, Europeans established
colonies
Reasons for Imperialism
 IMPERIALISM: The take over of a country by a
stronger country
 Began in 1880
 Industrialization
-needed resources/raw materials for factories
-needed new markets to sell manufactured goods
 Discovery of diamonds & gold
 Africa Before European Domination
 100s of ethnic & linguistic groups
 Traditional beliefs, but some beginning to
convert to Islam or Christianity
 > 1000 different languages
 Large empires to independent villages
 Europeans had only navigated 10% of Africa’s
coastlines
 Couldn’t navigate African rivers until
steam engine invented
 Disease
 Africans controlled own trade and
networks were specialized
The Congo
 David Livingstone-missionary to promote
Christianity-explored & mapped interior of Africa
 Henry Stanley-Newspaper reporter who found
Livingstone “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
 Mapped Congo River & claimed land for
King Leopold of Belgium
 Brutally exploited Africans
through forced labor
 At least 10 million died
 Belgian conquest of the Congo lead to Britain,
Germany, France, Spain, Italy & Portugal in a race
to claim parts of Africa
Forces Driving Imperialism
 Belief in European Superiority
 National pride-larger the empire, greater
their country
1


Missionaries-conversion to Christianity &
end slave trade
 To Civilize & Westernize
 Racism-belief that one race is superior to
others
 Social Darwinism-Those who
were fittest for survival enjoyed
wealth & success and were
considered superior to others
 Non-Europeans=less due
to lack of scientific &
technological discoveries
 Europeans had right &
duty to bring their
progress to other
countries
Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
 European technological superiority
 Automatic machine gun (the
Maxim gun) vs outdated
weaponry
 Steam engine: easy travel with
railroads, cables, and steamships
 Quinine: drug to protect against
malaria (disease carried by
mosquitoes in interior Africa)
Issues within Africa
 Lack of unity among Africans due
to language & cultural barriers
 Wars between ethnic groups
didn’t allow for unity
 Allowed Europeans to
play rival groups against
one another
The Division of Africa
Berlin Conference
 To prevent conflict/war between each
other, 14 European nations laid down
rules for the division of Africa
 Any European country could
claim land by notifying other
nations of claim and showing
control of area
 PROBLEM: no African leaders
included at Conference
 PROBLEM: no thought given to
ethnic or language groups
 By 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia
remained free
Demand for Raw Materials
 NO new markets in Africa, but Europeans needed
raw materials

Mineral resources like copper, tin,
diamonds & gold
Developed cash crop plantations: peanuts,
palm oil, cocoa, rubber
 Caused starvation since families
weren’t allowed to plant food
crops
South Africa
 Africans vs. Dutch vs. British
 Zulus vs British
 Shaka, Zulu chief = disciplined
warriors/military with a large centralized
state
 Could not hold out vs Britain’s superior
weapons
 Boers vs British
 Dutch were first to settle in S. Africa for a
station for ships traveling from Dutch
East Indies & Netherlands
 Dutch/Boers/Afrikaners=Farmers,
established large farms
 British wanted land because of gold &
diamonds, so Boers moved north to avoid
war: Great Trek
 Boer War/South African War: first
modern “total” war
 Boers=guerrilla tactics
 British burnt farms & imprisoned
women & children in diseasefilled concentration camps
 Black South Africans fought vs.
British=concentration camps
 British win; became Union of South Africa
 Controlled until 1910 with the
help of Tutu & Mandela to end
apartheid
Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire building
that affected both Africa & the rest of the world
 Europeans in Africa
 Berlin Conference=Europeans only
 Boer War=European war, just fought in S. Africa
 Europeans paid little attention to historical
political divisions or ethnic or language groups
when dividing up Africa
 Idea of Europeans=control Africa’s land, people &
resources to benefit European economies & adopt
European customs
 Forms of Control
#1 most foreign control to #4 with least control
1. Colony:
2. Protectorate
3. Sphere of influence
4. Economic imperialism
2





Imperial Management Methods
 Indirect Control
 Direct Control
Nigeria
 Britain gained control of southern Nigeria with
both diplomatic & military means
 Gained control of northern Nigeria with the Royal
Niger Company
 Controlled the palm-oil trade
 One of most culturally diverse areas in Africa
 250 different ethnic groups: largest=
Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo
 Britain ruled indirectly
Unsuccessful Resistance
 Algeria resisted France for almost 50 years
 West Africa vs French for 16 years led by Samori
Toure’
 Maji Maji Rebellion: East Africans vs Germans who
believed magic water (maji-maji) would protect
them against German machine guns
 75,000 died in rebellion, then 150,000
died of famine from production of cash
crops over food crops
Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance
 Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia
 Played the Italians, French & British
against one another , building up his
modern weaponry in the meantime
 Declared war on Italy & beat them,
keeping Ethiopia independent
Negative Effects of Colonialism
 Africans lost control of land & independence
 Died due to new diseases, war resisting the
Europeans, & famines from producing cash crops
 Loss of traditional cultures
 Political division of African continent still create
problems today
Positive Effects of Colonialism
 Reduced local warfare
 Improvement in sanitation & hospitals and
schools
 Increasing lifespans and literacy rates
 Economic expansion
 African products valued on international
market
 Railroads, dams, & telephone/telegraph
lines built
Europeans claim Muslim lands
 Europeans nations expanded their empires by
seizing territories from Muslim states
 Ottoman Empire Loses Power
 The inability to reform opened up the Middle East
to European imperialism
Weak leadership
Corruption
Theft
Inflation
Lag in technology
 Hurt military
 Rise in nationalism
 Greece & Serbia gain
independence
 Geopolitics:
An interest in or taking of land for its strategic
location or products
 Ottoman Empire=very strategic location
 Access to Mediterranean and Atlantic sea
trade
 Controlled Black Sea
 Russia wanted warm water port
 Oil in Persia (Iran) and the Arabian Peninsula
drew major attention to region
Crimean War
 Russians vs Ottomans for access to Black Sea
 Needed warm water port for year around
trade
 Britain & France helped Ottomans
 Didn’t want Russia to gain too much land
 Women Army nurses used-Florence
Nightingale
 First war to be covered by newspaper
reporters
 Ottomans won
 But revealed military weaknesses
 Lost land in Balkan Region &
Africa
The Great Game
 Struggle between Britain & Russia over India
 Britain’s most profitable colony
 Russia wanted land and profits
 Afghanistan = location of struggle
 Afghanistan was independent Muslim
nation
 Harsh terrain and nationalistic
people proved to be
overwhelming for imperial
powers (SOUND FAMILIAR?!)
 Britain withdrew after decades of fighting
 British empire would not extend
beyond Khyber Pass
(Indian/Afghan border)
 Russia signed non-aggression pact with
Afghanistan; broke when re-invaded in
1979 (Cold War-US, bin Laden, 9/11)
Egypt’s Military & Economic Reforms
 Led by Muhammad Ali
3





gained independence from Ottomans
gained Syria & Arabia
Plantation cash crops-cotton
 International trade
 Peasants starved due to lack of
food being produced
Wealth out of India to Britain
Industry died out due to British trade
laws
 Raw materials only
 Buy only British manufactured
goods
 Growth of cash crops=famine
 Racism by British
 Conversion to Christianity
 Major cash crop=Opium
 Later will impact China
Sepoy Mutiny
 Caused because rumor of British using beef & pork
fat to grease cartidges
 Cow sacred to Hindus; pig sacred to
Muslims
 Failed due to divided Indians
 Muslims vs Hindus
Nationalism Surfaces in India
 Ram Mohun Roy
 Make Indian society modern
 Wanted to free India from foreign control
 Nationalism
 Indians resented British discrimination
 Barred from best jobs in
government
 Paid less than British
counterparts
 Indian National Congress (Hindus)-creates India
 Muslim League –creates Pakistan
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
 Demand for Asian products drove Western
imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian
lands
European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim
 Pacific Rim: SE Asia and islands on edge of Pacific
 Plantation agriculture
 More benefits to Europe than to region
 World economy
 Roads, Harbors, Railroads
 Communication & Transportation
 Schooling, health and sanitation improved
 Migration from Europe & varying religions
=tensions that still exist today
Dutch: Indonesia
 Dutch East India Company
 Class system
 Dutch on top
 Wealthy & educated Indonesians
 Plantation workers
 Only 1/5 of farmers’ land for export crops
British: Singapore, Malaysia and Burma
(Myanmar)
Suez Canal
 A human-made waterway that cut through the
Isthmus of Suez
 Connected Red Sea to Mediterranean
 Built with French money by Egyptian labor
 Irrigation projects & communication networks put
Egypt into debt
 British took financial control of canal
 Eventually leading to British occupation
of Egypt
Persia (Iran)
 Russia:
 Wanted access to Persian Gulf & Indian
Ocean (WARM WATER PORT)
 Britain
 Buffer state between Russia & India
 Oil
 Divided Persia into spheres of influence
 Persia didn’t have capital (money) to develop own
resources
 Concessions to Western businesses:
 Allowed businesses to buy right
to operate in a certain area or
develop a certain product
 British Petroleum (BP)
British Imperialism in India
 As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized
Indian territory and soon controlled almost the
whole subcontinent
British Expand Control over India
 British East India Company
 Controlled huge amounts of land
 Had own army
 Led by British officers
 Staffed by Sepoys: Indian soldiers
“Jewel in the Crown”
 Most valuable British colony
 Main supplier of raw materials
 Large population=market
 Benefits of British rule:
 Railroads = 3rd largest in world
 Economy became more modern
 Telephone and telegraph lines
 Dams, bridges, canals
 Sanitation & public health
 education
 Negatives
4


Encouraged Chinese to move to Malaysia
to work
 Malaysians became minority in
own country
 Tensions between
Chinese and Malaysians
still exists today
France: Indochina= Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
 Direct rule and forced to adopt French
culture
 No industry
 Vietnam
 Rice was major cash crop
 Led to famine
 Set stage for Vietnamese
resistance (Vietnam War)
Siam Remains Independent
Siam (Thailand)
 Siamese kings played the French and British to
remain free from both nations
 King Mongkut modernized
 Schools
 Legal system
 Government
 Railroads, telegraph lines
 Ended slavery
China Resists Outside Influence
 Western economic pressure forced China to open
to foreign trade & influence
China & the West
 China’s pride in their ancient culture=looked
down upon all foreigners
 Self-sufficient: agriculture, mining,
manufacturing
 Economy based on exports, not imports
 Guangzhou: southern port, only place where
foreigners were allowed to do business
Tea-Opium Connection
 Opium-habit forming narcotic
 British merchants began smuggling it into China
OPIUM WAR
 China vs Britain
 China loses-Treaty of Nanjing
 Britain gained island of Hong Kong
(controlled until 2000)
 USA & other nations gained
extraterritorial rights
 Foreigners not subject to laws of
country: now allowed in
Guangzhou & 4 other ports which
were now open to foreign trade
Taiping Rebellion
China’s internal problems: rapidly growing
population, barely increasing food supply;
addiction to opium
 Taiping (Great Peace) Rebellion
 Led by Hong Xiuquan (shee-oo-choo-ahn)
 Believed Chinese people should share in
country’s wealth and no one would live in
poverty (early form of communism)
 Chinese, British and French troops
defeated the Taiping
 20 million + died in rebellion
Dowager Empress Cixi (tsoo-shee)
 Traditional values with limited reform
 Updated educational system, diplomatic service, &
military
 Manufactured steam-powered gunboats,
rifles and ammunition
 Sphere of Influence
 An area in which the foreign nation controlled
trade and investment
USA’s Open Door Policy: China open to merchants of
all nations
 Protected China’s freedom from
colonization
 Poor peasants & workers (Boxers) resented
special privileges to foreigners; & resented
Chinese Christians who adopted foreign faith
 Multinational forces crushed Boxers, but
nationalism surged
 Must resist more foreign intervention &
government must be more responsive to
their needs
Modernization of Japan
 Japan followed the model of Western powers by
industrializing and expanding its foreign influence
The Demand for Foreign Trade
 Before mid-1800s, Japan only traded with China
 Treaty of Kanagawa
 Established by USA Commodore Matthew
Perry
 Japan opened 2 ports for US to take on
supplies
 Led to Japan granting permission for
other foreign powers to trade in treaty
ports
 Extraterritorial rights extended
Meiji Era“Enlightened Rule”
 Modernization with the best from the West
 Germany’s government
 Socialist controlled
companies/industries
 Germany’s army
 British navy
5


American public education
Western industrialization
 Tea/silk=specialization for trade
 Shipbuilding
Imperial Japan
 Became strongest military in Asia
 Eliminated extraterritorial rights
 Nationalism grew leading to imperialism by Japan
Irony: Treaty to Bombing
 US gets Japan to sign Treaty of Kanagawa
 Japan builds to strongest military & industry and
eliminates foreigners’ rights
 Schools in California began segregating Japanese
children into their own schools
 Japan protested at treatment of emigrants
 Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan’s government
agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to
US in exchange for desegregation of California
schools
 With US expanding colonies into Asia and Japan
wanting to expand its’ empire, Japan bombs Pearl
Harbor
Sino-Japanese War
1. Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for trade
2. China protested b/c of its’ trade with Korea
3. 3 countries signed agreement not to send troops
into Korea
4. China broke agreement to help Korea’s king put
down rebellion
5. Japan sent troops in violation of treaty
6. Japan drove China out of Korea, destroyed China’s
navy, gained land in Manchuria (mainland
northern China)
7. Treaty gave Japan 1st colony: Taiwan
Russo-Japanese War
 Japan’s victory over China shifted world’s balance
of power
 Russia & Japan now leading powers in
Asia=enemies
 War over Manchuria
 Russia wanted warm-water port in Asia
 Japan drove Russia out of Manchuria and
destroyed its’ navy
 Treaty of Portsmouth by T. Roosevelt
HUGE DEAL-1ST time non-European power defeated
European power in “modern times” (since
industrialization)= Japan as world power, not just in Asia



6
What differences did China and Japan have in their
acceptance of the West?
What was the significance for Russia and Japan
and the World with the result of the RussoJapanese War?
Explain the irony of the Treaty of Kanagawa.