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Reminder:
The Final Exam is scheduled for
MAY 9TH AT 10 AM
IN ROOM 207
The last chance to turn in any late
work and extra credit is next Friday,
May 2, the last day of class
Chapter 18
The Age of Faith
The role of artists and art throughout
history has largely been to serve a
religious function
Middle Ages
Between the Fall of the Roman Empire and
the beginning of the Renaissance
• Art is characterized by a greater concern for
spiritual symbolism and use of religious
iconography
• Naturalistic depictions of figures
diminished
• The church becomes the primary patron of
the arts
Title: San Vitale, Exterior view
Source/Museum: Ravenna, Alinari/Art Resource, New York.
Artist: n/a
Medium: n/a
Date: 526-547 CE
Size: n/a
Mosaic
Title: Theodora and Her Attendants
Artist: n/a
Date: c. 547
Source/Museum: Sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. © Scala/Art
Resource, New York.
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a
Title: San Vitale, Interior view, looking into the apse at Justinian and His
Attendants
Artist: n/a
Date: c. 547
Source/Museum: Canali Photobank.
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a
Chapter 19
Renaissance through Baroque
• Occurred after the Middle Ages (period of
religious fervor)
• Born out of a movement called “Humanism”
• Divided into three periods:
– Early Renaissance: 14th -15th century
– High Renaissance: 15th -16th century
– Late Renaissance (Mannerism): 16th –early 17th
century
Major characteristics of Renaissance
• Patronage of art by the wealthy class
increases, especially the Medici family
• Embraced theology but supported secular
aspects of life
• Greater pursuit of intellectual and scientific
inquiry
• Rediscovered Classical Greek and Roman
art
The Major Italian City-States during the Renaissance.
High Renaissance
Neoplatonism
• Revival of Plato’s philosophy with some variation
• Believed that all sources of inspiration are a means
of ascending from an earthly existence to a
mystical union with “The One”
• Creative genius was the result of subjective and
personal intuition- “divine frenzy”
• The true genius artist transcended daily life and
was guided by a divine insight
Commissioned by the Medicis
Reflects influence of Classical Greek period
Title: The Birth of Venus
Artist: Sandro Botticelli
Date: c. 1482
Source/Museum: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Scala/Art
Resource, New York.
Medium: Tempera on canvas
Size: 5 ft. 8 ⅞ in. x 9 ft. 1 ⅞ in.
High Renaissance (1490-1530)
• Three major artists were Leonardo da Vinci,
Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael
Sanzio
• Neoplatonic and humanist ideas peaked
within cities of Florence, Rome and Venice
• Reconciled Christian beliefs with Greek
philosophy and current scientific studies
• Apprenticed with Botticelli
under Verrochio in Florence
• Served the Duke of Milan as
painter, sculptor and military
engineer from age 30 to 47
• He fled to Venice in 1499 when
Milan was taken by France
Self portrait , Leonardo da Vinci
c. 1512 chalk on paper
• He kept numerous
notebooks filled with
drawings and writings
relating to his studies
as an artist, inventor
and observer of the
physical world
• Leonardo was the first
to have an
understanding of the
camera obscura
The role of art changes as patronage
shifts away from the church
Title: A Scythed Chariot, Armored Car, and Pike
Source/Museum: © The British Museum, London
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Medium: Pen and ink and wash
Date: c. 1487
Size: 6 3/8 x 9 ¾ in.
The perfect marriage of “form & content”
1 pt linear perspective places the vanishing point behind the head of Christ, placing him
at the point of greatest implied depth (the point of infinity)
Title: The Last Supper
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Date: c. 1495-1498
Source/Museum: Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle
Grazie, Milan. A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock.
Medium: Mural (oil and tempera on plaster)
Size: 15 ft. 1 1/8 in. x 28 ft. 10 ½ in.
• Leonardo
developed a
technique he
called sfumato
(in the manner of
smoke)
The Mona Lisa
was a
commissioned
portrait by a
wealthy
merchant
Leonardo used
the technique of
glazing and
sfumato
Title: Mona Lisa
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Date: c. 1503-1505
Source/Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris. Erich Lessing/Art
Resource, New York.
Medium: Oil on wood
Size: 30 ¼ x 21 in.
Michelangelo
• He was 23 years younger than da Vinci and
highly competitive
• He was raised by his wet nurse and her
stonecutter husband
• He attended school in the Medici Gardens
and studied Greek and Roman sculpture
• He lived in Florence and Rome during his
lifetime
Created at
the age of 24
It earned him
the
commission
of his statue
of David
Title: Pietà
Artist: Michelangelo
Date: 1501
Source/Museum: Vatican, Rome. Alinari/Art Resource, New
York.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height 6 ft. 8 ½ in.
Michelangelo’s David,
1501-1504
• Commissioned by the
city of Florence to
commemorate its
independence from
France
• Michelangelo humanizes
the hero of David more
than Donatello
• David was carved from a
flawed 18 ft block of
marble
• Influence of Greek art
seen in the contrapposto
stance
Facial Expression reflects influence of Humanism
The Sistine Ceiling
• Commissioned by
the Pope Julius II
• Began work in 1508
and completed it in
1512
• Three Zones:
• Highest contains 9
scenes from
Genesis, below are
prophets and within
the lowest level are
Christ’s ancestors
Highest
Zone
Creation of
Adam, central
panel
Central Panel, “The Creation of Adam
Study for a Libyan Sibyl
Raphael
Sanzio
1504-arrived in
Florence
Images were
characterized by a
warmth, clarity, and
balance
Spent most of his life
as the official painter
for the Vatican
Madonna of the Rocks c. 1510
School of
Athens, 15111
Fresco,
Stanza della
Segnatura,
Vatican
Palace
(Vatican
apartments)
Raphael
competed
with
Leonardo &
Michelangelo
for this
commission
Four Domains of knowledge: Theology, Law, Poetry and
Philosophy
Subject matter consists of Greek Classical figures (Plato &
Aristotle in center)
Title: The School of Athens
Artist: Raphael
Date: 1510-1511
Source/Museum: Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace,
Rome. © Scala/Art Resource, New York.
Medium: Fresco
Size: n/a
Late Renaissance:
Mannerism
• Early 16th c. – Protestant Reformation
occurs & divides Protestant and Catholic
church
• By mid 16th c.- Mannerism dominates
Southern European painting
• Artists find it difficult to top Leonardo,
Michelangelo, and Raphael
Characteristics of Mannerism
• Artists individualize styles with greater
technical invention and imagination
• Often includes distortions of perspective,
scale and proportion, and color; greater
contrasts of light and dark
• The objective was to achieve a greater sense
of mystery and heightened emotion, a level
of virtuousity that surpassed the High
Renaissnce
Title: The Last Judgment, “Guidizio Universale” (detail)
Artist: Michelangelo Buonarroti
Date: 1534-1541
Source/Museum: On altar wall of Sistine Chapel. Photo: A. Bracchetti/P.
Zigrossi. The Vatican Museums, Rome.
Medium: Fresco
Size: n/a
Michelangelo’s
figures are
chaotic and
their
proportions are
distorted
Space is
ambiguous and
not relying as
heavily on a
use of linear
perspective
Title: The Last Supper
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Date: c. 1495-1498
Source/Museum: Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle
Grazie, Milan. A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock.
Medium: Mural (oil and tempera on plaster)
Size: 15 ft. 1 1/8 in. x 28 ft. 10 ½ in.