Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Reminder: The Final Exam is scheduled for MAY 9TH AT 10 AM IN ROOM 207 The last chance to turn in any late work and extra credit is next Friday, May 2, the last day of class Chapter 18 The Age of Faith The role of artists and art throughout history has largely been to serve a religious function Middle Ages Between the Fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance • Art is characterized by a greater concern for spiritual symbolism and use of religious iconography • Naturalistic depictions of figures diminished • The church becomes the primary patron of the arts Title: San Vitale, Exterior view Source/Museum: Ravenna, Alinari/Art Resource, New York. Artist: n/a Medium: n/a Date: 526-547 CE Size: n/a Mosaic Title: Theodora and Her Attendants Artist: n/a Date: c. 547 Source/Museum: Sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. © Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: n/a Size: n/a Title: San Vitale, Interior view, looking into the apse at Justinian and His Attendants Artist: n/a Date: c. 547 Source/Museum: Canali Photobank. Medium: n/a Size: n/a Chapter 19 Renaissance through Baroque • Occurred after the Middle Ages (period of religious fervor) • Born out of a movement called “Humanism” • Divided into three periods: – Early Renaissance: 14th -15th century – High Renaissance: 15th -16th century – Late Renaissance (Mannerism): 16th –early 17th century Major characteristics of Renaissance • Patronage of art by the wealthy class increases, especially the Medici family • Embraced theology but supported secular aspects of life • Greater pursuit of intellectual and scientific inquiry • Rediscovered Classical Greek and Roman art The Major Italian City-States during the Renaissance. High Renaissance Neoplatonism • Revival of Plato’s philosophy with some variation • Believed that all sources of inspiration are a means of ascending from an earthly existence to a mystical union with “The One” • Creative genius was the result of subjective and personal intuition- “divine frenzy” • The true genius artist transcended daily life and was guided by a divine insight Commissioned by the Medicis Reflects influence of Classical Greek period Title: The Birth of Venus Artist: Sandro Botticelli Date: c. 1482 Source/Museum: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Tempera on canvas Size: 5 ft. 8 ⅞ in. x 9 ft. 1 ⅞ in. High Renaissance (1490-1530) • Three major artists were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio • Neoplatonic and humanist ideas peaked within cities of Florence, Rome and Venice • Reconciled Christian beliefs with Greek philosophy and current scientific studies • Apprenticed with Botticelli under Verrochio in Florence • Served the Duke of Milan as painter, sculptor and military engineer from age 30 to 47 • He fled to Venice in 1499 when Milan was taken by France Self portrait , Leonardo da Vinci c. 1512 chalk on paper • He kept numerous notebooks filled with drawings and writings relating to his studies as an artist, inventor and observer of the physical world • Leonardo was the first to have an understanding of the camera obscura The role of art changes as patronage shifts away from the church Title: A Scythed Chariot, Armored Car, and Pike Source/Museum: © The British Museum, London Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Medium: Pen and ink and wash Date: c. 1487 Size: 6 3/8 x 9 ¾ in. The perfect marriage of “form & content” 1 pt linear perspective places the vanishing point behind the head of Christ, placing him at the point of greatest implied depth (the point of infinity) Title: The Last Supper Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1495-1498 Source/Museum: Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock. Medium: Mural (oil and tempera on plaster) Size: 15 ft. 1 1/8 in. x 28 ft. 10 ½ in. • Leonardo developed a technique he called sfumato (in the manner of smoke) The Mona Lisa was a commissioned portrait by a wealthy merchant Leonardo used the technique of glazing and sfumato Title: Mona Lisa Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1503-1505 Source/Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Oil on wood Size: 30 ¼ x 21 in. Michelangelo • He was 23 years younger than da Vinci and highly competitive • He was raised by his wet nurse and her stonecutter husband • He attended school in the Medici Gardens and studied Greek and Roman sculpture • He lived in Florence and Rome during his lifetime Created at the age of 24 It earned him the commission of his statue of David Title: Pietà Artist: Michelangelo Date: 1501 Source/Museum: Vatican, Rome. Alinari/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Marble Size: Height 6 ft. 8 ½ in. Michelangelo’s David, 1501-1504 • Commissioned by the city of Florence to commemorate its independence from France • Michelangelo humanizes the hero of David more than Donatello • David was carved from a flawed 18 ft block of marble • Influence of Greek art seen in the contrapposto stance Facial Expression reflects influence of Humanism The Sistine Ceiling • Commissioned by the Pope Julius II • Began work in 1508 and completed it in 1512 • Three Zones: • Highest contains 9 scenes from Genesis, below are prophets and within the lowest level are Christ’s ancestors Highest Zone Creation of Adam, central panel Central Panel, “The Creation of Adam Study for a Libyan Sibyl Raphael Sanzio 1504-arrived in Florence Images were characterized by a warmth, clarity, and balance Spent most of his life as the official painter for the Vatican Madonna of the Rocks c. 1510 School of Athens, 15111 Fresco, Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace (Vatican apartments) Raphael competed with Leonardo & Michelangelo for this commission Four Domains of knowledge: Theology, Law, Poetry and Philosophy Subject matter consists of Greek Classical figures (Plato & Aristotle in center) Title: The School of Athens Artist: Raphael Date: 1510-1511 Source/Museum: Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Rome. © Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Fresco Size: n/a Late Renaissance: Mannerism • Early 16th c. – Protestant Reformation occurs & divides Protestant and Catholic church • By mid 16th c.- Mannerism dominates Southern European painting • Artists find it difficult to top Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael Characteristics of Mannerism • Artists individualize styles with greater technical invention and imagination • Often includes distortions of perspective, scale and proportion, and color; greater contrasts of light and dark • The objective was to achieve a greater sense of mystery and heightened emotion, a level of virtuousity that surpassed the High Renaissnce Title: The Last Judgment, “Guidizio Universale” (detail) Artist: Michelangelo Buonarroti Date: 1534-1541 Source/Museum: On altar wall of Sistine Chapel. Photo: A. Bracchetti/P. Zigrossi. The Vatican Museums, Rome. Medium: Fresco Size: n/a Michelangelo’s figures are chaotic and their proportions are distorted Space is ambiguous and not relying as heavily on a use of linear perspective Title: The Last Supper Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1495-1498 Source/Museum: Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock. Medium: Mural (oil and tempera on plaster) Size: 15 ft. 1 1/8 in. x 28 ft. 10 ½ in.