Download Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae
Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
• Mutlicellular- more than one cell
• Eukaryotic- true nucleus
• Autotrophic-produce own food
• Have cells with cell walls made of cellulose and chloroplasts
Kingdom Plantae
Vascular Plants
• Seedless
plants
• Ex. Ferns
• Reproduce
sexually with
spores
• Seed plants
• Ex. Trees,
flowers
• Reproduce
sexually with
seeds
• Gymnosperms
• Reproduce with cones
• Angiosperms
• Reproduce
with flowers
Non Vascular Plants
• Ex. Mosses
• No system to transport water or
nutrients
• Usually smaller and live near
water
Evolution of Plants
Non-vascular vs Vascular
Non-vascular
Vascular
• Have no roots, stems or leaves
• Have no specialized cells for the
transport of water and nutrients
• Are thought to be the first land
dwelling plants
• Are usually low, flat and close to
water
• Have roots, stems and leaves
• Have xylem to transport water
from the roots to the leaves
• Have phloem to transport
nutrients from the leaves to the
rest of the plant
• Adapted to life on dry land
Vascular Tissue
Glucose that is made in the leaves is carried throughout the
plant through phloem. Phloem has cells with ends that have
holes that allow for the two-way flow of the food
Transpiration: the release of
water vapor form the leaves
that is a result of cellular
respiration-draws water up
through the xylem. Xylem is
like a straw with a one way
flow of water and minerals
Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
• Reproduce sexually using spores
• Offspring have no food or protection
Seed Plants
Advantages of seeds
Two types of seed plants
• Seed have a seed coat that
protects them from damage and
water loss
• Seeds contain a food source for
the plant embryo called the
cotyledon
• Gymnosperms
• Have seed that are not enclosed
(naked seed) cone
• Angiosperms
• Have seeds that are enclosedusually in a fruit
Gymonosperms
• Are usually woody and are often called soft wood.
• Evergreen
• They retain their leaves year round
• Perennial: Live more than one growing season
• 4 main groups
•
•
•
•
Conifers-cone bearing (pines)
Cycads-palm-like, tropical
Ginkgoes-only one living today Ginko biloba
Gnetophytes: only 3 types left. One makes the drug ephredrine
Angiosperms
• Angio: “vessel”
• Only angiosperms produce specialized reproductive structures called
flowers.
• Of all the divisions of plants, angiosperms ("vessel seed") are the most
successful and most diverse.
• Most flowering plants coevolved with pollinators—insects, bats, birds, etc.
Two types of angiosperms
• Monocots have one cotyledon
• Leaves are grass-like and the leaf
veins are parallel
• Dicots have two cotyledons and
the seed can be split into two
equal halves
• Ex beans and nuts.
Anatomy of a flower
Seed Anatomy
Seedling Emergence
• Forces that must be overcome
• Gravity
• Mass of the soil on top of the seed
• Wind rain, etc.
Alternation of generations
• Key Aspects of the Life Cycles
• The diploid sporophyte has extensive root and shoot systems; it also retains and
nourishes the gametophyte.
• Embryos are nourished by the endosperm within the seeds, which are packaged inside
fruits.
Evolution of Pollen and Seeds
• The spores of some algae and simple vascular plants are all alike–
homospory.
• In the gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages, the spores are
differentiated into two types–heterospory.
• The male gametophytes–pollen grains–are released from the parent plant to
be carried by whatever means to the female gametophyte.
• The female gametophytes remain in the plant and are surrounded by
protective tissues, eventually producing a seed .