Download Herbert Hoover`s Foreign Policy: Japanese Aggression in Manchuria

Herbert Hoover’s Foreign Policy:
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Japanese Aggression in Manchuria
○ Early 1930s
● Japan was the greatest threat to world peace
○ September 1931
● Japanese troops marched into Manchuria
○ League of Nations did nothing to stop this from happening
■ Japanese Delegation walked out to the League of
Nations
Stimson Doctrine
○ United States response to Japan's violation of the Open Door Policy:
■ Henry Stimson declared that the United States would honor its treaty
obligations under the ​Nine-Power Treaty​ (1922) by refusing to recognize
the legitimacy of any regime that had been established by force
● Latin America
○ Hoover arranged the U.S troops leave Nicaragua by 1933
● Negotiated a treaty with Haiti to remove U.S troops by 1934
Franklin Roosevelt’s Policies, 1933-1938
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Good-Neighbor Policy
○ Meant to improve relations with other nations by withdrawing troops from foreign
nations to improve international relations and to nite the Western Hemisphere
○ Pan-American Conferences
■ Pledged to never intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American
country
■ Pledged to submit future disputes to arbitration
○ Cuba
■ Roosevelt persuaded Congress to nullify the ​Platt Amendment ​which
made Cuba’s foreign policy subject to US approval
● Roosevelt also kept the Amendment to US rights only to keep a
naval base
○ Mexico
■ Mexico tested the good-neighbor policy and seized oil properties owned
by the US in which roosevelt encouraged American companies to
negotiate a settlement
○ London Economic Conference (1933)
■ Hoover allowed US participation in the LON
● When plans were made to stabilize currencies, Roosevelt feared
this would hurt his plans for recovery
○ Recognition of the Soviet Union
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Roosevelt granted recognition towards the Soviet Union in 1933
● He did this “to increase US trade and to boost the economy”
○ Philippines
■ Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the ​Tydings-McDuffie Act​ which
provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the removal
of US military presence from the islands
○ Reciprocal Trade Agreements
■ Roosevelt favored lower tariffs as a means of increasing international
trade
■ In 1934, Congress enacted a plan which gave the president power to
reduce US tariffs up to 50%
○ Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism
■ Japan, Italy, and Germany signed a treaty of alliance which formed the
Axis Powers (1940)
● Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism
○ Italy
■ New regime seized power in 1922
■ Benito Mussolini
○ leader of Italy’s Fascist party
■ Those afraid of rising communism were attracted to this
party
■ Fascism
○ the idea that people should glorify their nation and their
race through an aggressive show of force
■ Dominant ideology in European Dictatorship
○ Germany
■ Nazi party was equivalent to Italy’s Fascist Party
■ Nazy Leader was ​Adolf Hitler
■ Hitler used bullying and Fascist ideology to increase his
popularity
■ Hitler gained control of the German legislature in early
1933
○ Japan
■ Nationalists and Militarists in japan increased their power in
the 1920s and 30s
■ N & M’s persuaded the emperor the best way to ensure
access to raw materials was to invade China and Southeast
Asia
■ Japan then gained control over the Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere
● Prelude to war
○ 1935-1938
● Increased violence by the Fascists
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○ Ethiopia
Italian troops were ordered to invade Ethiopia (1935)
■ The LON and US did nothing to stop this
Rhineland
■ Region in Germany
■ Hitler defied the treaty of Versailles and didn’t demilitarize
■ Hitler ordered German troops to march into Rhineland
China
■ War between China and Japan erupted in 1937
■ U.S gunboat in China: Panay. Sunk by Japanese Planes
● Japan apologized for this
Sudetenland
■ Hitler insisted that he had the right to take over Sudetenland
● Roosevelt advised the British Prime Minister and the French
President met with Hitler
○ After this meeting, the leaders allowed Hitler to take over
Sudetenland
From Neutrality To War, 1939-1941
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Outbreak of War in Europe
■ Britain and France pledged to fight if Poland was attacked
● In 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact
○ Secretly dividing Poland between them
Changing U.S Policy
○ Roosevelt believed that British survival was crucial to U.S security
● provided massive aid to Britain
○ Many Americans believed in strengthening U.S defenses
● Roosevelt persuaded Congress in 1939 to make the Neutrality acts
less restrictive that a belligerent nation can buy U.S arms if it used
it’s own ships and paid in cash
● “Cash and Carry” t​ echnique which favored Britain strongly
○ Selective Service Act
● Provided for the registration of all Americans to be drafted into the
war
The Election of 1940
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Election
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Roosevelt was the first to break the two-term tradition
Wendell Willkie
● Lawyer and executive who ran for the Republicans
○ Willkie criticized the new deal
■ Agreed with giving aid to Britain
○ Roosevelt won the election for the third time
Arsenal of Democracy
○ Roosevelt believed Germany was a direct threat to U.S Security
● January 1941
○ He delivered a speech proposed lending money to Britain
for the purchase of war materials
○ Roosevelt proposed ending the cash-and-carry requirement
○ Roosevelt met up w ​Winston Churchill ​to discuss their peace objectives
● Created the ​Atlantic Charter
○ July 1941
● U.S supported Britain even more by protecting their ships from
submarines
○ September 4
● American destroyer was attacked by German Submarines
○ U.S was then fighting an undeclared naval war against
Germany
Disputes with Japan
○ Japan was allied with Germany and Italy
● Hitler’s success in Europe gave Japan a chance to expand
○ Japan joined Axis powers in September 1940
● Roosevelt prohibited the export of steel and scrap iron to all
countries except Britain and nations in Western Hemisphere
○ July 1941
● Japanese Troops occupied French Indochina
○ Roosevelt then cut off vital materials to Japan, including oil
● Japan attempted to negotiate the embargo on oil, failed
Pearl Harbor
○ December 7 1941
● Japanese planes bombed every ship in sight
● Surprise attack lasted two hours
○ 2,400 Americans were killed
○ 1,200 Wounded
○ 20 warships were wounded
○ 150 Airplanes were destroyed
○ December 8
● Congress declared war against Japan
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Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States due to a
treaty with Japan
World War II: The Home Front
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Industrial Production
○ US organized agencies to mobilize the economic and military resources for war
■ War Production Board established to manage war industries
■ Office of War Mobilization set production priorities and controlled raw
materials
■ The depression soon ended and there was barely any unemployment
● The War’s Impact on Society
○ African Americans:
■ 1.5 million African Americans had left the south due to jobs
in the N and W
■ Men were deployed into the army
■ NAACP membership increased
■ Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): 1942
■ Smith v. Allwright
○ Ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in
political parties to African Americans as a way of
excluding them from voting in primaries
○ Mexican Americans
■ Worked mostly in defense industries and in the army
■ 1942: allowed Mexican farm workers to enter the United
States without going through formal immigration
procedures
■ Summer of 1943: Whites and Mexican Americans battled
on the streets due to large amounts of white resentment
○ Native Americans
■ 25,000 served in the military
■ Many more worked in defense industries
○ Japanese Americans
■ They served loyally in the military but due to Pearl Harbor
they were suspected of being potential spies
■ Korematsu v. US (1944) the Supreme Court upheld the US
government’s internment policy
○ Many of those who were treated badly were awarded
financial compensation by the US
○ Women
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200,000 served in military in noncombat roles
Women took jobs vacated by men in uniform
5 million women entered the workforce
Although, women earned much less pay than male factory
workers
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Propaganda
■ Maintain public morale
■ Encourage people to sacrifice and conserve resources
■ Increase war production
The Election of 1944
○ F.D.R ran once again
○ Henry Wallace
● Democratic choice at first
● Changed their choice because Wallace was “too radical and
unmanageable”
○ Harry S. Truman​ was then chosen to be the vice presidential running
mate
○ Thomas Dewey
● Republican nominee
○ F.D.R won for a fourth time but died 3 months after the inauguration
● Truman served most of his term
World War II: The Battlefronts
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Fighting Germany
○ British and Americans concentrated on overcoming the German
Submarines and begin bombings on German cities
○ Battle of Atlantic
● Protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes
● 500 Allied ships were sunk by German Submarines in 1942
○ Operation Torch 1942
● Led by U.S General​ Dwight Eisenhower​ and British ​General
Bernard Montgomery
○ June 6, 1944: Allied Drive to liberate France
○ D day
● British, Canadian and U.S forces secured several beachheads
○ Battle of the Bulge
● December 1944
○ Germans attempted a counterattack in Belgium
○ Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945
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Nazi soldiers then surrendered a week later on May 7
6 million jews were murdered
Fighting Japan
○ Japan succeeded in achieving control of much of East and Southeast Asia
○ Battle of Coral Sea
● U.S aircraft carriers stopped a Japanese invasion of Australia
○ Island Hopping
● bypassed strongly held Japanese Islands and isolated them with
naval and air power
○ This allowed Allied forces to move rapidly toward Japan
○ October 1944
● Japanese navy was destroyed
○ U.S suffered 50,000 casualties whereas Japan suffered 100,000
● July 16, 1945
○ First Atomic bomb tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico
● August 6
○ A-bomb dropped in Hiroshima
● August 9
○ A-bomb dropped in Nagasaki
Wartime Conferences
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Casablanca
○ First conference involved 2 of the big 3 nations
○ January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to invade the Mediterranean
and demand “unconditional surrender” from the Axis Powers
Teheran
○ Big three met in Iranian city in November 1943
○ Agreed that the British and Americans would liberate France in spring of
1944
○ Agreed that the Soviets would invade Germany and then join the war
against Japan
Yalta
○ Big three met in Yalta in February 1945
○ After Victory was achieved in Europe, the three leaders agreed that
■ Germany would be divided into occupation zones
■ Free elections in liberated countries of Eastern Europe
■ Soviets would enter the war against Japan
■ Soviets would control Southern have of Sakhalin island and
the Kurile Islands in and special “concessions” in
Manchuria
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New world peace organization would be formed at a
conference in San Fran
April 12, 1945: Franklin Roosevelt died
His death shocked the Nation just as much as Pearl Harbor
Three Leaders (Stalin, Attlee, Truman) met in Potsdam Germany and
agreed on
■ Issue a warning to Japan to Surrender
■ Hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders
War’s Legacy
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Costs
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300,000 Americans lost their lives
800,000 Americans were wounded
$320 billion was spent on the war
● Federal spending increased 1,000 percent between 1939 and 1945
○ National debt increased to 250 billion, five times more than
it was in 1941
The United Nations
○ April 1945
● Delegates from 50 nations sat together and drafted a charter for the
United Nations
● Senate voted to accept U.S involvement in U.N
○ October 24, 1945
● U.N came into existence when majority ratified the charter